Nanomedicine for Immunotherapy Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Current Approaches and Perspective

Abstract

Conventional chemotherapy has partial therapeutic effects against hematological malignancies and is correlated with serious side effects and great risk of relapse. Recently, immunotherapeutic drugs have provided encouraging results in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Several immunotherapeutic antibodies and cell therapeutics are in dynamic development such as immune checkpoint blockades and CAR-T treatment. However, numerous problems restrain the therapeutic effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy as an insufficient anti-tumor immune response, the interference of an immune-suppressive bone marrow, or tumoral milieu with the discharge of immunosuppressive components, access of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, monocyte intrusion, macrophage modifications, all factors facilitating the tumor to escape the anti-cancer immune response, finally reducing the efficiency of the immunotherapy. Nanotechnology can be employed to overcome each of these aspects, therefore having the possibility to successfully produce anti-cancer immune responses. Here, we review recent findings on the use of biomaterial-based nanoparticles in hematological malignancies immunotherapy. In the future, a deeper understanding of tumor immunology and of the implications of nanomedicine will allow nanoparticles to revolutionize tumor immunotherapy, and nanomedicine approaches will reveal their great potential for clinical translation.

Potential New Therapies “ROS-Based” in CLL: An Innovative Paradigm in the Induction of Tumor Cell Apoptosis

“…Nano-systems must be made up of materials that are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable in order for them to be suitable for use in environments that involve living organisms [222]. Nano-systems have been developed as a new method to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells by directly adjusting ROS levels, either raising or decreasing them [223][224][225]. The dimension and charge of nanomaterials, among their other physicochemical properties, make them extremely penetrating, making them ideal for targeting tumors.…”

“…Furthermore, integrating nano-systems with other therapeutic methods like immunotherapy or gene therapy shows potential for enhanced effects and better results. Combining immunotherapy with nano-systems has the potential to enhance therapeutic results [223][224][225].…”

Oxidative Stress and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Balance between ROS-Mediated Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

“…In actuality, nanoparticles are attractive delivery systems for improving medication distribution because of their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Nonetheless, through many mechanisms, nanoparticles enhance the therapeutic effects of hematological neoplasms [124].…”

Cold Atmospheric Plasma Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Potentials and Problems of Clinical Translation

“…CAP capacity is not restricted to a synergistic effect with traditional therapeutical drugs, as it also increases the efficacy of nanoparticle treatments that are presently being utilized to decrease the side effects of chemotherapeutics [ 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ].…”