Nanomedicine Strategies for Molecular Targets with Mri and Optical Imaging

Abstract

The science of 'theranostics' plays a crucial role in personalized medicine, which represents the future of patient management. Over the last decade an increasing research effort has focused on the development of nanoparticle-based molecular-imaging and drug-delivery approaches, emerging as a multidisciplinary field that shows promise in understanding the components, processes, dynamics and therapies of a disease at a molecular level. The potential of nanometer-sized agents for early detection, diagnosis and personalized treatment of diseases is extraordinary. They have found applications in almost all clinically relevant biomedical imaging modality. In this review, a number of these approaches will be presented with a particular emphasis on MRI and optical imaging-based techniques. We have discussed both established molecular-imaging approaches and recently developed innovative strategies, highlighting the seminal studies and a number of successful examples of theranostic nanomedicine, especially in the areas of cardiovascular and cancer therapy. Nanotechnology is starting to invade different areas of science and 'theranostic' biomedical science is no exception [1][2][3][4]. The science of theranostics plays a critical role in personalized medicine, which represents the future of patient management. Nanoparticle-based medicinal approaches have emerged as an interdisciplinary area, that shows promise in understanding the components, processes, dynamics and therapies of disease at a molecular level. The unprecedented potential of nanoplatforms for early detection, diagnosis and personalized treatment of diseases have found application in every biomedical imaging modality.These include noninvasive cellular and molecular-imaging techniques, including ultrasound (US) [5], optical [6], PET [7], computed tomography [8][9] and MRI [10][11][12][13][14].MRI is a noninvasive diagnostic technique based on the interaction of nuclei with each other and the surrounding molecules in a tissue. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance is low in comparison to nuclear and optical modalities; however, the absence of radiation (transmitted or injected) and high spatial resolution (e.g., sub-millimeter) makes it advantageous over Correspondence to: Gregory M Lanza,

Multimodal Imaging and Theranostic Application of Disease-Directed Agents

“…However, their clinical translation is still far-reaching. Better understanding of biological and biophysical obstacles encountered by these agents is necessary [11,12,14,22,72,77,78]. For the readers, this introductory chapter will illustrate a presentation of the advancements related to this field and the biological obstacles encountered, which we hope will stimulate more studies to tune these technologies for translational and clinical applications.…”

“…However, there is one major therapeutic utility for ADV that has not yet reached the clinic or clinical trials. This promising strategy uses ADV to form gas cavities through which enhanced thermal energy can be deposited [11]. ADV in the use for enhanced ablation therapy in one study actually enhanced the lesions caused by HIFU sevenfold, which makes it an extremely potent augmentation to the current HIFU technique [12].…”

“…The potential of nanoparticles for both detection and drug delivery has been well documented [7][8][9]. Major advancement has been made toward the development of defined nanostructure for performing dual function, i.e., imaging and therapy (theranostics) [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Advanced contrast nanoagents for photoacoustic molecular imaging, cytometry, blood test and photothermal theranostics

“…cooling) time for heat transfer between the NP surrounding water with the coefficient of thermal conductivity K W can be estimated as τ T = R 2 ρ NP C NP / nK W , where coefficient n (3–6) depends on the NP shape. For example, a gold nanosphere having R = 50 nm in ambient water will exhibit τ T ≈ 1.2 ns.…”

Preparation and characterization of vinculin-targeted polymer–lipid nanoparticle as intracellular delivery vehicle

“…4 Nanoparticles made from biodegradable polymers are one potential system for delivery of active payloads, and several biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and their copolymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), have been used for the fabrication of nanoparticle-based carriers. [5][6][7] Polymeric nanoparticles are preferred over other colloidal carrier systems, like micelles, owing to their higher stability and flexibility in tailoring the drug load and release rate.…”