Nanomedicine strategies for treatment of secondary spinal cord injury

Abstract

Neurological injury, such as spinal cord injury, has a secondary injury associated with it. The secondary injury results from the biological cascade after the primary injury and affects previous uninjured, healthy tissue. Therefore, the mitigation of such a cascade would benefit patients suffering a primary injury and allow the body to recover more quickly. Unfortunately, the delivery of effective therapeutics is quite limited. Due to the inefficient delivery of therapeutic drugs, nanoparticles have become a major field of exploration for medical applications. Based on their material properties, they can help treat disease by delivering drugs to specific tissues, enhancing detection methods, or a mixture of both. Incorporating nanomedicine into the treatment of neuronal injury and disease would likely push nanomedicine into a new light. This review highlights the various pathological issues involved in secondary spinal cord injury, current treatment options, and the improvements that could be made using a nanomedical approach.

Exosomes secreted from miRNA-29b-modified mesenchymal stem cells repaired spinal cord injury in rats

“…Secondary injury is a series of chain reactions after primary injury, which involves local blood flow disorder, tissue ischemia and hypoxia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and nerve cell necrosis. Secondary injury results in further enlargement of the spinal cord injury area, more nerve cell death, and even nerve fiber deformation (24). In general, secondary injury is more severe and more difficult to manage than primary injury.…”

Effective improvement of the neuroprotective activity after spinal cord injury by synergistic effect of glucocorticoid with biodegradable amphipathic nanomicelles

“…Following surgical interventions that include early spinal decompression and stabilization surgery, the research for treating SCI can be broadly divided into two main areas: neuroprotection and regeneration (GhoshMitra et al, 2012 ; White-Schenk et al, 2015 ; Nazari-Robati et al, 2016 ). The goal of neural regeneration is to reestablish conduction in damaged spinal cords by promoting axonal regrowth.…”

Mechanism of N-acetyl-cysteine inhibition on the cytotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in JB6 cells transfected with activator protein-1

“…Various types of NPs are under development for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the biomedical field ( 18 , 19 ), yet knowledge about their possible toxicity in living cells remains limited ( 20 ). Furthermore, understanding on the prevention of NP toxicity in living cells is lacking.…”