Nanomedicines for reversing immunosuppressive microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Ultrasound -Induced Thermal Effect Enhances the Efficacy of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Tumor Treatment

“…The PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint blockade, although a promising approach, faces challenges due to insufficient CD8 + T cell infiltration and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. 12 , 42 , 53 Transforming “cold tumors“ with inadequate immune cell infiltration into ”hot tumors” represents a crucial strategy for augmenting the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors. 54–56 Chemotherapy can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and elicit the immune response, rendering it a common adjunct to PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in clinical settings.…”