Nanonaringenin and Vitamin E Ameliorate Some Behavioral, Biochemical, and Brain Tissue Alterations Induced by Nicotine in Rats

Abstract

Nicotine is the major alkaloid present in cigarettes that induces various biochemical and behavioral changes. Nanonaringenin (NNG) and vitamin E are antioxidants that are reported to mitigate serious impairments caused by some toxins and oxidants. Thus, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of NNG, vitamin E, and their combinations to ameliorate behavioral, biochemical, and histological alterations induced by nicotine in rats. Adult male albino rats were randomly grouped into six equal groups (10 rats/group): control, N (nicotine 1 mg/kg b.w./day S/C from 15th to 45th day, 5 days a week), NNG (25 mg/kg b.w./day orally for 45 days), N + NNG, N + E (nicotine + vitamin E 200 mg/kg b.w./day orally), and N + NNG + E (nicotine + NNG + vitamin E at the aforementioned doses). Behavioral tests were conducted on day 15 and 30 postnicotine injection, while memory tests, brain neurotransmitters, antioxidants, and histopathological examination were examined at day 30 only. As a result, nicotine impaired rats’ activity (hypoactivity and hyperactivity) and memory, induced anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects on rats, and altered neurotransmitters (acetylcholinesterase, serotonin, and dopamine), and redox markers (MDA, H2O2, GSH, and catalase) levels in brain homogenates. Thickening and congestion of the meninges and degeneration of the cerebral neurons and glia cells were observed. Cosupplementation with NNG, vitamin E, and their combination with nicotine was beneficial in the alleviation of activity impairments and improved short memory and cognition defects and exploratory behaviors. Our results indicate the antioxidant potential of NNG and vitamin E by modulating redox markers and neurotransmitters in the brain. Thus, data suggest that the prophylactic use of NNG, vitamin E, and/or their combination for (45 days) may have a successful amelioration of the disrupted behavior and cognition and biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by nicotine.

Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method

“… 19 Similarly, a high-energy ball milling technique was used to prepare nano-naringenin, which was characterized with the help of transmission electron microscopy followed by the assessment of pharmacological efficacy of nanosized naringenin in the amelioration of the biochemical, behavioral, and histological changes induced by the nicotine in rats. 20 Another report aimed to formulate the stable nanosized naringenin by the milling methods and exploring its potential applicability for rheumatoid arthritis. Physiochemical properties, physical stabilities, and dissolution functioning of nanosized naringenin were evaluated.…”

“…In the recent past, several studies have reported the ball milling of naringenin for the conversion of naringenin into its nanoparticle forms, and these studies have been added in the Discussion Section. − The clinical and therapeutic efficacy of naringenin is restricted due to its lower bioavailability because of the poor solubility. For the enhancement of its solubility, naringenin nanosuspension was prepared by the milling technique.…”

“…The nanoparticle size, surface morphology, and so forth were evaluated, and stability studies were also assessed by observing the particle size alterations in various physiological media . Similarly, a high-energy ball milling technique was used to prepare nano-naringenin, which was characterized with the help of transmission electron microscopy followed by the assessment of pharmacological efficacy of nanosized naringenin in the amelioration of the biochemical, behavioral, and histological changes induced by the nicotine in rats . Another report aimed to formulate the stable nanosized naringenin by the milling methods and exploring its potential applicability for rheumatoid arthritis.…”

Melatonin and N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Ameliorate Oxidative Stress on Nicotine Induced Reproductive Dysfunction in Male Rats

“…Cigarette smoke is a major environmental health threat. The main alkaloid that found in cigarettes is nicotine that responsible for variety of biochemical and behavioral changes 16 . Nicotine induces oxidative stress and testis injury 17 .…”