“…Although many nanoparticles have been applied as nano-fertilizers or nano-pesticides, which promote crop productivity, but might cause some problems in soil-plant interfaces particularly the over-doses ( Ragab and Saad-Allah, 2020 ). Several studies have depicted applied engineered-NPs as nano-fertilizers (e.g., Guo et al, 2018 ; Farshchi et al, 2021 ; Madzokere et al, 2021 ) to improve crop productivity under many stresses ( Ye et al, 2019 , Landa, 2021 ) like drought ( Sreelakshmi et al, 2020 , Ahmed et al, 2021 , Ali et al, 2021 ), salinity ( Manzoor et al, 2021 , Zulfiqar and Ashraf, 2021 ), pollution of heavy metals ( Noman et al, 2020 , Xin et al, 2020 , Manzoor et al, 2021 ), and biotic stress ( Tauseef et al, 2021a , Tauseef et al, 2021b ). These nanoparticles can enhance cultivated plants under stress through many mechanisms such as improving antioxidant defense system, promoting photosynthesis, increasing water, nutrient and phytohormones ( Zulfiqar and Ashraf, 2021 ).…”