“…62 PM 1 includes ultrafine particles (UFP ≤100nm). 62 Figure 2 Trend of maximum of the maxima PM 2.5 24-hour average concentrations registered in all PM sampling MMC stations from January 2004 to April 2020 and their comparison against the WHO 24h mean average (blue solid line) and the US Air Quality Index (AQI) right scale. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemia February 28,2020 in MMC is marked.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, it is clear that MMC residents are exposed all year long to high concentrations of complex mixtures of air pollutants including metals and PAH as components of both, fine PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFP) and gaseous pollutants, including ozone and toxics such as benzene and acrolein. 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 …”
To determine whether gait and balance dysfunction are present in young urbanites exposed to fine particular matter PM
2.5
≥ annual USEPA standard, we tested gait and balance with Tinetti and Berg tests in 575 clinically healthy subjects, age 21.0±5.7y who were residents in Metropolitan Mexico City, Villahermosa and Reynosa. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was also applied to an independent cohort n:76, age 23.3± 9.1y. In the 575 cohort, 75.4% and 34.4% had abnormal total Tinetti and Berg scores and high risk of falls in 17.2% and 5.7% respectively. BMI impacted negatively Tinetti and Berg performance. Gait dysfunction worsen with age and males performed worse than females. Gait and balance dysfunction were associated with mild cognitive impairment MCI (19.73%) and dementia (55.26%) in 57/76 and 19 cognitively intact subjects had gait and balance dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of urbanites exposed to PM
2.5
had gait and balance dysfunction. For MMC residents-with historical documented Alzheimer disease (AD) and CSF abnormalities, these findings suggest Alzheimer Continuum is in progress. Early development of a Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome ought to be considered in city dwellers with normal cognition and gait dysfunction. The AD research frame in PM
2.5
exposed young urbanites should include gait and balance measurements. Multicity teens and young adult cohorts are warranted for quantitative gait and balance measurements and neuropsychological and brain imaging studies in high vs low PM
2.5
exposures. Early identification of gait and balance impairment in young air pollution-exposed urbanites would facilitate multidisciplinary prevention efforts for modifying the course of AD.
“…62 PM 1 includes ultrafine particles (UFP ≤100nm). 62 Figure 2 Trend of maximum of the maxima PM 2.5 24-hour average concentrations registered in all PM sampling MMC stations from January 2004 to April 2020 and their comparison against the WHO 24h mean average (blue solid line) and the US Air Quality Index (AQI) right scale. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemia February 28,2020 in MMC is marked.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, it is clear that MMC residents are exposed all year long to high concentrations of complex mixtures of air pollutants including metals and PAH as components of both, fine PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFP) and gaseous pollutants, including ozone and toxics such as benzene and acrolein. 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 …”
To determine whether gait and balance dysfunction are present in young urbanites exposed to fine particular matter PM
2.5
≥ annual USEPA standard, we tested gait and balance with Tinetti and Berg tests in 575 clinically healthy subjects, age 21.0±5.7y who were residents in Metropolitan Mexico City, Villahermosa and Reynosa. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was also applied to an independent cohort n:76, age 23.3± 9.1y. In the 575 cohort, 75.4% and 34.4% had abnormal total Tinetti and Berg scores and high risk of falls in 17.2% and 5.7% respectively. BMI impacted negatively Tinetti and Berg performance. Gait dysfunction worsen with age and males performed worse than females. Gait and balance dysfunction were associated with mild cognitive impairment MCI (19.73%) and dementia (55.26%) in 57/76 and 19 cognitively intact subjects had gait and balance dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of urbanites exposed to PM
2.5
had gait and balance dysfunction. For MMC residents-with historical documented Alzheimer disease (AD) and CSF abnormalities, these findings suggest Alzheimer Continuum is in progress. Early development of a Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome ought to be considered in city dwellers with normal cognition and gait dysfunction. The AD research frame in PM
2.5
exposed young urbanites should include gait and balance measurements. Multicity teens and young adult cohorts are warranted for quantitative gait and balance measurements and neuropsychological and brain imaging studies in high vs low PM
2.5
exposures. Early identification of gait and balance impairment in young air pollution-exposed urbanites would facilitate multidisciplinary prevention efforts for modifying the course of AD.
“…The average MoCA score was 23.9 ± 2.8 (normal 26–30), and 24.7% and 30.3% scored ≤24 and ≤22, corresponding to mild cognitive impairment MCI ≤ 24 and dementia scores D ≤ 22 [ 13 ]. Thus, urban Mexican populations may be at a heightened risk of long-term neurodegenerative sequel, including dementia associated with high exposure to neurotoxic air pollutants [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”
Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau (p-τ), amyloid-β peptide, alpha-synuclein and TDP-43 brainstem and supratentorial pathology are documented in forensic ≤40y autopsies in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC), and p-τ is the major aberrant protein. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an elevated risk of subsequent dementia, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is documented in PD, AD, Lewy body dementia and ALS. This study aimed to identify an association between PTSD and potential pRBD in Mexico. An anonymous online survey of 4502 urban college-educated adults, 29.3 ± 10.3 years; MMC, n = 1865; non-MMC, n = 2637, measured PTSD symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) and pRBD symptoms using the RBD Single-Question. Over 50% of the participants had IES-R scores ≥33 indicating probable PTSD. pRBD was identified in 22.6% of the participants across Mexico and 32.7% in MMC residents with PTSD. MMC subjects with PTSD had an OR 2.6218 [2.5348, 2.7117] of answering yes to the pRBD. PTSD and pRBD were more common in women. This study showed an association between PTSD and pRBD, strengthening the possibility of a connection with misfolded proteinopathies in young urbanites. We need to confirm the RBD diagnosis using an overnight polysomnogram. Mexican women are at high risk for stress and sleep disorders.
“…V and Ni are tracers of long-range transport from the use of heavy fuel oil in the northern industrial area of Tula in the State of Hidalgo. MMC residents are exposed to complex mixtures of air pollutants, including metals, representing a serious health problem for everyone regardless of age, gender, and socioeconomic status (23,24,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34).…”
Section: Air Quality Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Jung and co-workers ( 14) described 138% increased risk of AD per 4.34 µg/m 3 above the U. S. EPA PM 2.5 annual standard (12.0 µg/m 3 annual mean averaged over 3 years)and living closer to high traffic roads is associated with increased AD risk (15). Urban populations are exposed to neurotoxicants, including metals, through complex mixtures of air pollutants, diverse regional emission sources, and occupational exposures (23)(24)(25). MMC residents have high concentrations of metals vs. low pollution controls in areas such as frontal and olfactory bulbs and millions of combustionfriction derived, metal-rich nanoparticles in critical brain areas (18,21,25).…”
Exposure to metals is ubiquitous and emission sources include gasoline, diesel, smoke from wildfires, contaminated soil, water and food, medical implants, waste recycling facilities, subway exposures, and occupational environments. PM2.5 exposure is associated with impaired cognitive performance, neurobehavioral alterations, incidence of dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles are major emitters of metal-rich PM2.5 and nanoparticles in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). Cognitive impairment was investigated in 336 clinically healthy, middle-class, Mexican volunteers, age 29.2 ± 13.3 years with 13.7 ± 2.4 years of education using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). MoCA scores varied with age and residency in three Mexican cities with cognition deficits impacting ~74% of the young middle-class population (MoCA ≤ 25). MMC residents ≥31 years (x¯46.2 ± 11.8 y) had MoCA x¯20.4 ± 3.4 vs. low pollution controls 25.2 ± 2.4 (p < 0.0001). Formal education years positively impacted MoCA total scores across all participants (p < 0.0001). Residency in PM2.5 polluted cities impacts multi-domain cognitive performance. Identifying and making every effort to lower key pollutants impacting neural risk trajectories and monitoring cognitive longitudinal performance are urgent. PM2.5 emission control should be prioritized, metal emissions targeted, and neuroprevention interventions implemented early.
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