Nanoparticles: A Hope for the Treatment of Inflammation in CNS

Abstract

Neuroinflammation, an inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), is a main hallmark of common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others. The over-activated microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induces neuronal death and accelerates neurodegeneration. Therefore, inhibition of microglia over-activation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been a promising strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Many drugs have shown promising therapeutic effects on microglia and inflammation. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB)—a natural barrier preventing brain tissue from contact with harmful plasma components—seriously hinders drug delivery to the microglial cells in CNS. As an emerging useful therapeutic tool in CNS-related diseases, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields for use in diagnosis, biosensing and drug delivery. Recently, many NPs have been reported to be useful vehicles for anti-inflammatory drugs across the BBB to inhibit the over-activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. Therefore, NPs with good biodegradability and biocompatibility have the potential to be developed as an effective and minimally invasive carrier to help other drugs cross the BBB or as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarized various nanoparticles applied in CNS, and their mechanisms and effects in the modulation of inflammation responses in neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights and suggestions for the use of NPs in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Investigation of the peripheral inflammation (neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio) in two neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system

“…It has been reported that nanoparticles (NPs) that emerged with the developing technology could be useful tools for anti-inflammatory drugs throughout the BBB to inhibit the excessive activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. Therefore, NPs with proper biocompatibility have the potential to be developed as an effective carrier to help drugs cross the BBB or as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated NDs [ 42 ]. According to the results of our study, it should be considered that the use of peripheral pathways in the struggle against inflammation may be insufficient in pwAD due to the peripheral inflammation being background compared to CSN inflammation.…”

The Effect of Oxidative Stress and Memantine-Incorporated Reactive Oxygen Species-Sensitive Nanoparticles on the Expression of N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Subunit 1 in Brain Cancer Cells for Alzheimer’s Disease Application

“…The physiological state of the brain is quite different to that of other organs because the BBB is a primary obstacle for drug delivery to the brain [25,26]. For this reason, various delivery platforms have been investigated to improve the penetration and/or transport of bioactive agents [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. For example, surfactants such as polysorbate 80 have been used to allow nanoparticles or drug carriers to penetrate the BBB [41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

“…Nano-dimensional carriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, peptide-drugs and/or polymeric drugs have been investigated for the improvement of drug delivery across the BBB [27][28][29][30]. Nano-dimensional carriers are characterized by small particle sizes, diversity of customized form, ease of lipophilic drug encapsulation, increased half lives in the body, and targeting of the drug to specific sites of action [31].…”

Nanoparticles in Combating Neuronal Dysregulated Signaling Pathways: Recent Approaches to the Nanoformulations of Phytochemicals and Synthetic Drugs Against Neurodegenerative Diseases

“…26 Single-walled carbon nanotubes showed an antiinflammatory impact in a rat stroke model and prevented neurons from ischemia injury. 204 Local administration of SOD-loaded nanoparticles produced persistent protective implications resulting in a 65% decrease in infarct volume, whereas SOD solution therapy increased infarct volume by 25%. The prolonged lifespan of rats treated with nanoparticles indicated the superior protective impact of SODloaded nanoparticles.…”