Nanoparticles Based on π‐Conjugated Polymers and Oligomers for Optoelectronic, Imaging, and Sensing Applications: The Illustrative Example of Fluorene‐Based Polymers and Oligomers

Functionalized fluorenes via dicationic electrophiles

“…Thus, the heterocyclic ketone is reacted with superacid at −35 °C followed by the addition of excess acetonitrile. Using the optimized procedure, other nitriles, such as trichloroacetonitrile, isopropylnitrile, and decylnitrile, provided the respective fluorenyl amides (6)(7)(8). Using deuterated acetonitrile, the corresponding amide ( 9) is isolated in good yield.…”

“…Its photo-physical properties make it highly useful in dyes/pigments [3], light harvesting arrays [4], and solar cell applications [5]. It has also been used as a building block for polymers, electronics, and material science applications [6]. Due to the broad utility of the fluorene ring system, there has been considerable interest in the development of synthetic methods leading to these compounds [7].…”

Dihydroindenofluorenes as building units in organic semiconductors for organic electronics

“…It has led to formidable advances in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs, for a brief history of OLEDs, see ref. 1) due to the wide diversity of oligomers, 2–7 homo-polymers 8–12 or copolymers synthezized. 13–16 With a more extended conjugation, dihydroindenofluorenes (DHIFs) belong to the family of bridged terphenyls and can be viewed as the fusion of a fluorene unit with an indene fragment fused at different positions of the fluorene.…”

Biocompatible Magnetic Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Optical and Lifetime Imaging Applications in the First Biological Window

“…Conjugated polymers, organic semiconductors capable of light harvesting and emission, have been shown to be effective in optoelectronics, , photovoltaics, , sensing, and imaging. − However, due to being inherently hydrophobic in nature, they need to be prepared as nanoparticles, also referred to as polymer dots (P-dots) and semiconductor polymer nanoparticles (SPNs). ,− There are a number of advantages when using conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) over QDs, including their ease of processing, large extinction coefficients, and biologically inert components circumventing the issue of heavy-metal toxicity in QDs. , CPNs have great potential as biological imaging tools and can be further engineered to act as drug delivery systems, carrying anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin or camptothecin . There are reports of CPNs doped with near-infrared (NIR) dyes and photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents such as meta-tetra­(hydroxyphenyl)-chlorin (m-THPC), chlorin e6, and porphyrins .…”

“…Conjugated polymers, organic semiconductors capable of light harvesting and emission, have been shown to be effective in optoelectronics, 8 , 9 photovoltaics, 10 , 11 sensing, and imaging. 12 − 14 However, due to being inherently hydrophobic in nature, they need to be prepared as nanoparticles, also referred to as polymer dots (P-dots) and semiconductor polymer nanoparticles (SPNs).…”