Nanoscale polymer discs, toroids and platelets: a survey of their syntheses and potential applications

Abstract

In this review, we focus on nanoscale polymer discs, toroids, and platelets. We illustrate design rules, group polymer compositions and discuss commonly used self-assembly strategies. We summarise and look ahead to potential applications of these polymer nanomaterials.

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“…Further toxicity assessments are still needed to ensure safety. 122 In contrast, ADCs exhibit high specificity for cancer cells and substantial drug payloads, with some garnering approval, demonstrating efficacy.…”

“…Compared to ADCs, they tend to be less immunogenic but require precise engineering and optimization. Further toxicity assessments are still needed to ensure safety . In contrast, ADCs exhibit high specificity for cancer cells and substantial drug payloads, with some garnering approval, demonstrating efficacy.…”

“…Further toxicity assessments are still needed for these nanoparticles to ensure safety. 122 As for ADCs, beyond complex synthesis and immunogenicity, heterogeneity of tumor antigen expression can limit receptor targeting, as some cells may lack target overexpression. Moreover, ADCs exhibit similar maximum tolerated doses and dose-limiting toxicities as related small molecule therapies regardless of the antibody target, restricting clinical application.…”

“…Compared to covalent assembly of early nanoscale delivery systems, many recently developed nanoscale delivery systems utilize self-assembly to form structures that can effectively encapsulate and release drugs, demonstrating higher biocompatibility and mitigating risks of toxicity and adverse reactions in biological systems. This avoids the complicated syntheses, premature drug release, immunogenicity, and potential toxicities associated with early covalently assembled systems . Besides, these newly developed nanoscale delivery systems often have multifunctionality, such as integrated phototherapeutic capabilities.…”

“…Receptor-mediated nanoparticles with synergistic therapy can effectively overcome the limitations of CPTs, including poor solubility, stability, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics, and, even more surprisingly, overcome CPT resistance, but they require precise engineering and optimization. Further toxicity assessments are still needed for these nanoparticles to ensure safety . As for ADCs, beyond complex synthesis and immunogenicity, heterogeneity of tumor antigen expression can limit receptor targeting, as some cells may lack target overexpression.…”