Nanoscale topography of nanocrystalline diamonds promotes differentiation of osteoblasts

Nanocomposite and Nanostructured Carbon-based Films as Growth Substrates for Bone Cells

“…Other remarkable properties of nanodiamond, enabling its application in biotechnologies and medicine (particularly in hard tissue surgery), are high hardness, a low friction, and also high chemical, thermal and wear resistance. In our earlier studies and in studies by other authors, nanodiamond has proven itself as an excellent substrate for the adhesion, growth, metabolic activity and phenotypic maturation of several cell types in vitro, including osteogenic cells (Schrand et al, 2007;Amaral et al, 2008;Grausova , 2009aKalbacova et al, 2009). The beneficial effects of the nanodiamond layers on cell colonization lie in their nanoscale surface roughness (i.e., the size of irregularities less than 100 nm), which support the adsorption of cell-adhesionmediating molecules in the appropriate geometrical conformation, enabling exposure of bioactive sites in these molecules (e.g., specific amino acid sequences such as RGD, KRSR etc.)…”

Nanocrystalline Diamond Films: Applications and Advances in Nanomedicine

“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence staining examinations of osteoblast on nanodiamond films with various surface roughness (nanometer and micrometer) generally demonstrated that enhanced osteoblast functions (including adhesion, proliferation, www.intechopen.com intracellular protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular calcium deposition) on nanocrystalline diamond (RMS~20 nm) compared to submicron diamond grain size films and control for all time periods tested up to 21 days [57,60]. In addition, an SEM study of osteoblast attachment on NCD films explains the topographical impact diamond had on osteoblast functions by showing complex and longer filopodia extensions.…”

“…The comparison of the behavior of different cell types on nanodiamond films shows that they react differently according to surface smoothness [55,57,60,68,77,78]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence staining examinations of osteoblast on nanodiamond films with various surface roughness (nanometer and micrometer) generally demonstrated that enhanced osteoblast functions (including adhesion, proliferation, www.intechopen.com intracellular protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular calcium deposition) on nanocrystalline diamond (RMS~20 nm) compared to submicron diamond grain size films and control for all time periods tested up to 21 days [57,60].…”

“…This oxidation reaction transformed the face of the film from hydrophobic to hydrophilic surface by adding carboxylate groups to the films. [59,60] 4. Bio-molecular conjugation [61][62][63][64] …”

“…Numerous studies using immunefluorescent staining have shown the presence of vinculin and pY397 focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in cultured human osteoblasts on nanostructured diamond films [60,78,79]. The osteoblasts adhered on ultra nano-cones and nano-cones, showing large focal adhesions and relatively strong activation of FAK, are thus more predestined for successful colonization of the entire environment [60,78]. Hamilton [90] suggested that osteoblast response to substrates with specific topographical features requires FAK-Y397-Src-Y416 complexes for ERK1/2 phosphorylation.…”