Clofazimine, a lipophilic
(log P = 7.66) riminophenazine
antibiotic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with
a good safety record, was recently identified as a lead hit for cryptosporidiosis
through a high-throughput phenotypic screen. Cryptosporidiosis requires
fast-acting treatment as it leads to severe symptoms which, if untreated,
result in morbidity for infants and small children. Consequently,
a fast-releasing oral formulation of clofazimine in a water-dispersible
form for pediatric administration is highly desirable. In this work,
clofazimine nanoparticles were prepared with three surface stabilizers,
hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), lecithin, and zein, using
the flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) process. Drug encapsulation efficiencies
of over 92% were achieved. Lyophilization and spray-drying were applied
and optimized to produce redispersible nanoparticle powders. The release
kinetics of these clofazimine nanoparticle powders in biorelevant
media were measured and compared with those of crystalline clofazimine
and the currently marketed formulation Lamprene. Remarkably improved
dissolution rates and clofazimine supersaturation levels up to 90
times equilibrium solubility were observed with all clofazimine nanoparticles
tested. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated a reduction of
crystallinity of clofazimine in nanoparticles. These results strongly
suggest that the new clofazimine nanoparticles prepared with affordable
materials in this low-cost nanoparticle formulation process can be
used as viable cryptosporidiosis therapeutics.