Nanosponges Encapsulated Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer: A Review

Abstract

Cancer is the most ruinous disease globally. Natural products have impressive characteristics, such as excep-tional chemical versatility, chemical and biological properties of macromolecular specificity and less toxicity which make them good leads in finding novel drugs. The phytochemicals not only help to prevent but also treat chronic cancerous conditions. The present review attempts to put forth some selected anticancer phytochemicals that had reported omics char-acteristic and specifically suppressed cancer with in vitro and in vivo activity. Certain issues pertaining to anticancer phy-tochemicals like delivery to target site in the body and achieving controlled release in order to prevent overdoses havelong been a concern for medical researchers worldwide. The most conventional chemotherapy protocols for the treatment of cancer lead to adverse effects that limit biological efficacy and compromise patient outcomes. In order to defeat incompe-tency of current and upcoming natural anticancer agents and to attain targeted drug delivery with good efficacy and fewer side effects, there is a special focus on novel nanostructured particles and nano approaches consisting of carrier system. Recent studies have led to the discovery of mesoporous and nanoporous drug delivery mechanisms, such as inorganic or organic-based nanosponges. The metal based inorganic systems have exhibited toxicity and non-biodegradable character in vivo. As a result of problems related to inorganic systems, major shift of research from inorganic to organic nanosystems has occurred. About decades ago, researchers have developed organic nanosponges to control the limitation of drug delivery and cancer therapies. This review article discusses the development and application of nanosponges encapsulated phyto-chemicals for cancer therapy.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Highly Oxidative Degradative Drug Molecule Injectable Dosage form by Lyophilisation Techniques

“…Pharmaceutical formulations must be carefully prepared before lyophilization to handle cold stress and achieve stability and attractive appearance. 10,11 During freeze-drying, it is important to maintain the product temperature well below the critical level. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an efficient way to evaluate lyophilized products when developing them…”

Recent advances in the targeted delivery of paclitaxel nanomedicine for cancer therapy

“…Recently, the anticancer properties of many natural compounds have been discovered which has put them to use in treating and preventing cancer as alternatives to the conventional agents. Examples of such entities with lesser side effects include Paclitaxel (PTX), lycopene, curcumin, folate, gingerol, and resveratrol [5][6][7] . Lately, PTX has been very popular due to its extensive anticancer activity [8][9][10] .…”

“…Examples of these entities with less side effects include paclitaxel (PTX), lycopene, curcumin, folate, gingerol, and resveratrol. 5–7 Recently, PTX has become very popular due to its extensive anticancer activity. 8–10 Paclitaxel was first isolated from Pacific yew or Taxus brevifolia bark.…”

Research Progress of Carrier-Free Antitumor Nanoparticles Based on Phytochemicals

“…The disadvantages of plant compounds such as low aqueous solubility, poor cell permeability, hepatic disposition, narrow therapeutic index, and rapid absorption in normal tissues limit their application ( Siddiqui and Mukhtar, 2010 ). To meet these challenges, the scientific community has turned to the delivery of phytochemicals based on nanodrugs as they can improve water solubility and bioavailability, target specific tumor cell tissues, improve cell uptake, reduce phytochemical dosage, and achieve a stable therapeutic phytochemical level ( Dombe and Shirote, 2021 ; Kim et al, 2021 ). Although nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have great potential in cancer treatment, there are still many issues, including low drug encapsulation efficiency and cumulative deposition of nanomaterials in vivo .…”