Nanostage Alloying of Metals in Liquid Phase

Abstract

Alloying of metals is known from antiquity. Alloy making i.e., homogenizing metals started in a "hit-or-miss" way. The 1 st alloy from copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) was produced around 2500 BC and from then Bronze Age began. Subsequently iron (Fe) age started after the Bronze Age. Aluminium (Al) alloying was discovered much later because pure Al could not be recovered easily even though Al is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Refining of Al is a very difficult job because of its strong affinity towards oxygen. To ease alloying, melting points (mp) of the individual constituents and reactivity of metal towards oxygen were the hurdles. Now understanding the thermodynamics of metal mixing has paved alloying. Periodic properties of elements concerning size, electronegativity, crystal structure, valency, lattice spacing, etc. are considered for alloying. In this feature article, more emphasis is given to Hume-Rothery rules in which the necessary parameters for alloying have been illustrated. Importantly standard electrode potential (E 0 ) values, eutectic, phase diagram, size-related strain in metals, etc. have been looked into in the present discussion. One elegant example is Sn-Pb alloy, known as soft solder. Soft solder was in use for many years to connect metals and in electric circuitry. Low melting, flowability, and conductivity of soft solder had placed Sn-Pb alloy a unique position in industries, laboratories and even in cottage industries. However, toxic Pb volatilizes during soldering and hence soft solder is banned almost in all countries. We felt the need for a viable alternative to obtain soldering material and then silver (Ag) based highly conducting, an eco-friendly alloy of Sn resulted in from a high boiling liquid. The discovery engenders not only a new conducting soldering alloy but also a new concept of melting metals together. Furthermore, new ideas of alloying have been generalized at their nanostages from a suitable high boiling solvent.

Manganese–cobalt oxide as an effective bifunctional cathode for rechargeable Zn–air batteries with a compact quad-cell battery design

“…Bimetallic composite formation is directed by the Hume-Rothery rules wherein the composite/alloy formation is governed by factors such as electronegativity, valency, crystal structure and atomic radii of constituting materials. 22 Unlike noble-metal catalysts, transition metal oxide catalysts mediate electrochemical processes through surface redox reactions. Mixed-valence oxides are advantageous as bifunctional catalysts toward the ORR and OER since their differences in valence states of cations can provide donor-acceptor chemisorption sites for the reversible adsorption/desorption of oxygen.…”