Nanostructure quantification of turbostratic carbon by HRTEM image analysis: State of the art, biases, sensitivity and best practices

Tóth, Pál

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.043

Cited by 56 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…This result indicates a 73.9% reduction from 414 nm as measured in the SEM image of PNF. (Figure S3) From the HRTEM images of Figure 1D,E, the d‐spacing of CNF was determined to be 0.37 nm and 0.42 nm, which identifies turbostratic type carbon 38 . In Raman spectra (Figure S4), two peaks at 1320 and 1558 cm −1 representing D and G bands of carbon materials, respectively, indicate that PNF was successfully transformed into partially graphitic carbon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…(Figure S3) From the HRTEM images of Figure 1D,E, the d-spacing of CNF was determined to be 0.37 nm and 0.42 nm, which identifies turbostratic type carbon. 38 In Raman spectra (Figure S4), two peaks at 1320 and 1558 cm À1 representing D and G bands of carbon materials, respectively, indicate that PNF was successfully transformed into partially graphitic carbon. As shown in Figure 1F, SAED ring patterns of CNF also support the partial graphitization, which is consistent with HRTEM and Raman results.…”

Section: Electrochemical Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrospun conductive carbon nanofiber hosts for stable zinc metal anode

Bae

Cho

Park

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Rechargeable zinc metal batteries (RZMBs) are emerging as promising candidates to replace lithium‐ion batteries due to their low cost, safety, and stability under ambient atmosphere. As the conductive substrates lower the actual current density, it is considered a chemical strategy to resolve the dendrite issue of RZMB. Herein, we propose to use the carbon nanofiber as a conductive substrate for the anode of RZMBs, which was prepared via heat treatment of electrospun PAN‐derived nanofiber. Through CV and SEM results performed at a constant current rate of 20 mA cm−2, the optimum amount of zinc deposited on the CNF was determined to be 10 mAh cm−2. Symmetric cell test for 400 hours showed 60.1% reduction in plating/stripping overpotential when zinc deposited carbon nanofiber was used. This overpotential reduction was attributed to the macroporous structure of ZnCNF and the preferred orientation of zinc to the (002) plane as confirmed by post mortem analyses. RZMB full cells pairing ZnCNF with β‐MnO2 were configured to deliver the 5C‐rate capacity of 106.54 mAh g−1, which was higher 34.13 mAh g−1 with bare zinc. Finally, the long‐term cyclability of ZnCNF|| MnO2 with much lower N/P ratio of 18.0 was confirmed, demonstrating the capacity retention of 89.4%, greater than 73% of bare zinc||MnO2 cell with the N/P ratio of 234.6 over 300 cycles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Electrochemical Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospun conductive carbon nanofiber hosts for stable zinc metal anode

Bae

Cho

Park

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…From Figure 2a−c, it has been clearly observed that the PTG sample consists of thin sheets with a thickness of around a few nm and the nature of these PTG samples matches the reported results. 36,37 These thin sheets are quickly separable under sonication, and single ultrathin mesoporous graphene sheets are visible under the TEM analysis (Figure 2a). The high magnification TEM image reveals that the ultrathin graphene sheets have lots of porosity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perforated Turbostratic Graphene As Active Layer in a Nonvolatile Resistive Switching Memory Device

Chakraborty

Ghosh

Goswami

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Perforated turbostratic graphene (PTG) sheets have been synthesized from a natural waste material, dead bougainvillea bracts, using a single-step pyrolysis method, and a resistive switching (RS) memory device has been constructed with it for the very first time. Herein, the edges of these large-area multilayer graphene sheets are highly conducting due to the turbostratic stacking between the adjacent layers of the graphene sheets. These highly conducting PTG sheets embedded inside an insulating polymer matrix can act as an active layer for resistive switching memory devices. This hybrid structure shows nonlinear resistance change between two distinct resistance states by simple bias voltage variation. The trap-assisted space-charge-limited conduction can realize the high resistive state (HRS), whereas the low resistive state (LRS) takes place through direct conduction. To achieve the best performing device, a number of optimizations have been performed, like the variation of polymer matrices, variation of PTG and polymer concentration, active layer thickness variation, and top electrode area variation. The best performing device showed reproducibility of current–voltage data (>200 cycles), low power consumption (SET voltage <1 V), a high ON/OFF ratio (>104), a long retention time (>104 s), and a large number of endurance cycles (>103). High writing-read-erase-read speed and flexibility/bending cycle tests were also carried out on the best-performing device to examine its tenacity. The current PTG-based flexible RS memory device derived from a biowaste, dead bougainvillea bracts, can provide an important step toward developing green electronics.

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“…[57] Especially for nanocarbons containing narrow micropores below 1 nm, a complete pore size range can only be extracted using dedicated models, e.g., nonlocal-density functional theory (NLDFT) and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT). We also stress the potential of coupling advanced gas adsorption techniques with other complementary characterization methods for accurately mapping the pore texture of activated carbon materials, [61] such as mercury porosimetry, [62] high-resolution electron microscopy, [63][64][65] small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), [18] and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based methods. [50,66,67]…”

Section: Porous Texturementioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Synthesis–Structure–Performance Correlations of Nanoarchitectured Activated Carbons for Electrochemical Applications and Carbon Capture

Zhang

Zheng

Tang

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Activated carbons are one of the most important classes of high‐surface‐area porous materials. Owing to their unique structure, low price, and large‐scale production technology, these porous carbons have been traditionally used as sorbents for eliminating contamination. In the past decade, many innovations have been seen in the synthesis, structure, applications, and theoretical and experimental methods. Herein, a comprehensive review of the up‐to‐date progress of activated carbons is presented from the viewpoint of synthetic chemistry and materials science. First, the critical textural properties are discussed, with special emphasis on the porous texture, heteroatom doping, surface functional groups, and partial graphitization. Next, the advanced synthetic strategies of activated carbons are summarized. Special attention is given to the reaction mechanism between activating agents and carbon sources, as well as the design of controlled forms and morphology. Then, their applicability in various emerging fields is covered, including supercapacitors, capacitive deionization, batteries, electrocatalysis, and carbon capture. In particular, this review highlights the potential synthesis–structure–property correlations of these porous materials. Finally, we present the future challenges and outlook for their success in energy and environmental science.

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Nanostructure quantification of turbostratic carbon by HRTEM image analysis: State of the art, biases, sensitivity and best practices

Cited by 56 publications

References 98 publications

Electrospun conductive carbon nanofiber hosts for stable zinc metal anode

Electrospun conductive carbon nanofiber hosts for stable zinc metal anode

Perforated Turbostratic Graphene As Active Layer in a Nonvolatile Resistive Switching Memory Device

Understanding Synthesis–Structure–Performance Correlations of Nanoarchitectured Activated Carbons for Electrochemical Applications and Carbon Capture

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