Nanostructured material‐based optical and electrochemical detection of amoxicillin antibiotic

Abstract

The penicillin derivative amoxicillin (AMX) plays an important role in treating various types of infections caused by bacteria. However, excessive use of AMX may have negative health effects. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to detect and quantify the AMX in pharmaceutical drugs, biological fluids, and environmental samples with high sensitivity. Therefore, this review article provides valuable and up‐to‐date information on nanostructured material‐based optical and electrochemical sensors to detect AMX in various biological and chemical samples. The role of using different nanostructured materials on the performance of important optical sensors such as colorimetric sensors, fluorescence sensors, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering sensors, chemiluminescence/electroluminescence sensors, optical immunosensors, optical fibre‐based sensors, and several important electrochemical sensors based on different electrode types have been discussed. Moreover, nanocomposites, polymer, and MXenes‐based electrochemical sensors have also been discussed, in which such materials are being used to further enhance the sensitivity of these sensors. Furthermore, nanocomposite‐based photo‐electrochemical sensors and the market availability of biosensors including AMX have also been discussed briefly. Finally, the conclusion, challenges, and future perspectives of the above‐mentioned sensing techniques for AMX detection are presented.

Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Sensing Applications

“…To obtain better electrochemical performance and/or sensitivity, specificity, and stability in the analyses, the modification of the SPEs with different nanostructured materials [ 21 ] can be explored. The form and material of the modification depend on the application and the contact medium in which the SPEs will be involved.…”

Luminescent Guests Encapsulated in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Portable Fluorescence Sensor and Visual Detection Applications: A Review

“…In recent years, various fast detection techniques have been established for sensitive detection in food safety, environment surveillance, and clinical diagnosis, such as electrochemical analytical methods [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], fluorescent analytical methods [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and so forth [ 19 ]. Due to their high sensitivity, ease of use, and rapid response, fluorescent sensing techniques have been widely used for the detection of metal ions [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], pesticide residues [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], disease markers [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], etc.…”

Synergistically Augmented ZnO via Cobalt and Copper Simultaneous Doping for Pollutant Reduction

“…[6] Currently, nanotechnology-based synthesis of nanoscale materials is an effective approach for treating and sensing toxic pollutants released into water bodies. [3,7,8] Semiconductor nanomaterials such as ZnO are promising materials for several applications due to their noble optoelectrical and unique catalytic features, [9] although they have certain weaknesses such as a small surface area and photon-induced electron-hole recombination. [10] Doping transition metal elements such as copper, cobalt, and iron and forming a local contact with narrow bandgap metal oxides, such as CuO, are unique strategies for improving the above-mentioned ZnO drawbacks.…”

“…Both toxic TMB and 4NP pollutants can be easily reduced in the presence of a reducing agent and an active catalyst [6] . Currently, nanotechnology‐based synthesis of nanoscale materials is an effective approach for treating and sensing toxic pollutants released into water bodies [3,7,8] . Semiconductor nanomaterials such as ZnO are promising materials for several applications due to their noble optoelectrical and unique catalytic features, [9] although they have certain weaknesses such as a small surface area and photon‐induced electron‐hole recombination [10] .…”