“…For instance, Shewanella oneidensis does not grow on bare gold electrode [78]. Nanostructured materials such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), carbon fibers, activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and fullerene, can provide enhancements of the performance of bioelectrodes [74], [75], [79]- [81]. Indeed, integration of these nanomaterials offers a large surface area for bacterial immobilization and improves the electron transfer efficiency [82], [83].…”