Nanostructured SERS-electrochemical biosensors for testing of anticancer drug interactions with DNA

Effects of major parameters of nanoparticles on their physical and chemical properties and recent application of nanodrug delivery system in targeted chemotherapy

“…121,122 Similar SERS nanobiosensors were also applied to investigate DNA damage by chemotherapeutic drug DOX. 123 A wide variety of nanoparticles have been used extensively, and nanopharmaceuticals have the unlimited potential to be used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, the exploration of new nanomedicine and drug carrier materials has been focused, and we are increasingly aware of the importance of cancer treatment and the need for precision treatment.…”

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering investigation of targeted delivery and controlled release of gemcitabine

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems afford key advantages to the conventional treatment modes: controlled release and targeted delivery. The ability to keep the drug inactive, while in transit, and release it in its active form, under the appropriate physiochemical conditions, [6][7][8][9][10] mitigates the collateral damage to healthy tissue, which in conventional approaches is an inherent consequence that goes largely unchecked.…”

“…The nanocarriers, designed with targeting ligands bound to functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and loaded with GEM, were investigated using surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors, which we have recently developed for the studies of DNA damage and drug release. [2][3][4] GEM shows a broad spectrum of anticancer activity and has been used as the standard treatment of pancreatic cancer 21,22 and metastatic breast cancer, 23 as well as in therapy of lung, 24 colon, 25 and other cancers. 26,27 Triplenegative breast cancer, named for the absence of drug targetable estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor, has limited treatment options; patients are often limited to cytotoxic paclitaxel or GEM with a durable response rate of ,20%.…”

“…The AuNPs provide a wealth of surface modification possibilities [35][36][37][38][39][40][41] and controllable-interface design variability for cancer studies. [2][3][4] The modification of AuNP surface with a selfassembled monolayer (SAM) of functional thiols affords the capability to immobilize GEM on the NPs through a strong, pH-sensitive, amide bond. While healthy tissue typically has a neutral pH of 7.4, the cancer tissue is known for its naturally acidic intercellular environment 42 with pH ~6.4-6.6.…”

“…The TF itself, however, remains attached to the receptor until exposed to the higher pH environment on the cell surface. 53 In previous works, [2][3][4]19 we have demonstrated that binding MBA to gold NPs as the linker enables covalent attachment of drug molecules by the amide bond formation. This structure, consisting of the MBA Raman marker and the plasmonic AuNP, can serve as a highly sensitive transducer of chemical information to an analytical SERS signal, allowing direct observation of the drug loading and its subsequent release.…”