Nanosystems for oxidative stress regulation in the anti-inflammatory therapy of acute kidney injury

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome that results from a rapid decline in renal structure or renal functional impairment with the main pathological feature of sublethal and lethal damage to renal tubular cells. However, many potential therapeutic agents cannot achieve the desired therapeutic effect because of their poor pharmacokinetics and short retention time in the kidneys. With the recent emergence and progress of nanotechnology, nanodrugs with unique physicochemical properties could prolong circulation time, enhance efficient targeted delivery, and elevate the accumulation of therapeutics that can cross the glomerular filtration barrier and indicate comprehensive application prospects in the prevention and treatment of AKI. In this review, various types of nanosystems (such as liposomes, polymeric nanosystems, inorganic nanoparticles and cell-derived extracellular vesicles) are designed and applied to improve the pharmacokinetics of drug formation, which could further relieve the burden on the kidneys caused by the final cumulative dose of drugs in conventional treatments. Moreover, the passive or active targeting effect of nanosystems can also reduce the total therapeutic dose and off-target adverse effects on other organs. Nanodelivery systems for treating AKI that alleviate oxidative stress-induced renal cell damage and regulate the inflammatory kidney microenvironment are summarized.

Herbo-Mineral Medicine, Lithom Exhibits Anti-Nephrolithiasis Activity in Rat Model of Hyperoxaluria by Attenuating Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation and Oxidative Stress

“…Oxidative stress arises due to an imbalance between the reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidant levels [42][43][44]. Several herbal formulations are known to possess anti-oxidant activity [45,46].…”

Atom‐Modified gDNA Enhances Cleavage Activity of TtAgo Enabling Ultra‐Sensitive Nucleic Acid Testing

“…To our knowledge, previous molecular diagnosis applications of TtAgo were focused on target recognition and signal output, [20,[29][30][31][32][33] and TtAgo-mediated nucleic acid amplification has not been reported. To take advantage of the FATE, we developed a novel isothermal amplification technology, named FAST (Figure 4), which is realized by using the 2′F-gDNA for target recognition, TtAgo for target nicking, and Bst DNA polymerase for extension and strand-displacement.…”

Renal-Protective Roles of Lipoic Acid in Kidney Disease

“…Such studies of target delivery of ALA to the kidney will certainly provide more insights into the protective mechanisms of ALA in different kidney injury models, elucidating both redox- and energy-modulatory properties of ALA. In this regard, nanoparticle delivery or nanomedicines of ALA targeting the kidney could be a promising approach [ 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 ]. Additionally, the combination of ALA with other natural products in treating kidney injuries and preventing the AKI to CKD transition will be interesting to investigate.…”