Nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulations in the battle against animal coronaviruses: an update

Abstract

Outbreak of infectious diseases imposes a serious threat to human population and also causes a catastrophic impact on global economy. Animal coronaviruses remain as one of the intriguing problems, known to cause deadly viral diseases on economically important animal population, and also these infections may spread to other animals and humans. Through isolation of the infected animals from others and providing appropriate treatment using antiviral drugs, it is possible to prevent the virus transmission from animals to other species. In recent times, antiviral drug-resistant strains are being emerged as a deadly virus which are known to cause pandemic. To overcome this, nanoparticles-based formulations are developed as antiviral agent which attacks the animal coronaviruses at multiple sites in the virus replication cycle. Nanovaccines are also being formulated to protect the animals from coronaviruses. Nanoformulations contain particles of one or more dimensions in nano-scale (few nanometers to 1000 nm), which could be inorganic or organic in nature. This review presents the comprehensive outline of the nanotechnology-based therapeutics formulated against animal coronaviruses, which includes the nanoparticles-based antiviral formulations and nanoparticles-based adjuvant vaccines. The mechanism of action of these nanoparticles-based antivirals against animal coronavirus is also discussed using relevant examples. In addition, the scope of repurposing the existing nano-enabled antivirals and vaccines to combat the coronavirus infections in animals is elaborated.

Modern Herbal Nanogels: Formulation, Delivery Methods, and Applications

“…The term ‘bhasma’ contains nanoparticles in its formulations. Many specialists are astounded to learn that India has a 5000-year-old medical system [ 82 ]. For ages, the bhasmas have been used in Ayurveda for the treatment of numerous diseases in the form of nanotechnology [ 83 ].…”

Nanotechnology-Based Solutions for Antibiofouling Applications: An Overview

“…Owing to the lack of practical limitations and cost-effectiveness of the existing antifouling solutions, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient biocidal agents that can combat both microbial fouling and corrosion at a rapid pace. Nanotechnology has gained huge momentum in the field of biological sciences, particularly toward the development of efficient drug delivery, diagnostics, cellular gene expression in plant and animal systems, the use of nanoarray technology for detecting food contamination, the utilization of nanocomposite film coatings for food packaging, and so on. − With the recent developments in nanotechnology and growing insights into biological-inspired material design, sustainable antifouling nanocoatings are being developed to combat biofouling, biofilm formation, and biocorrosion. Different classes of nanostructured materials involving carbon (C)-based, metal-based, and polymer-based nanomaterials (NMs) and nanocomposites have reportedly been employed to prepare antifouling coatings.…”

Nanoformulation, Chracterization and In vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies of Diosgenin and Emodin-loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles

“…This drug delivery system has a long frame of unique properties and potential that can be used to enhance the therapeutic effects of drugs by improving the concentration and absorption of the drug at pathological sites [1][2][3]. The advantage of nanoscale materials utilization in drug formulation are lessening toxicity and reducing unfavorable side effects of medications by focusing on de nite sites of action, through altered pharmacokinetics, lowering dosing frequencies by controlling drug release with enhanced bioavailability, and increasing shelf life by improved drug stability [4][5][6]. However, the characterization of pharmaceutical nanoparticle formulations, especially the nanostructure examination during formulation, their stability evaluation, and biological transportation through the body with detailed bioavailability investigations, are essential characteristics for the success of this drug delivery approach [1,7].…”

“…The pharmaceutical nanocarriers have a great bene t against present approaches to avoid the bloodbrain barrier and GI tract, to advance the bioavailability of drugs [2,10]. Several biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers such as collagen, brin, chitosan [5], dextran, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), PLGA [4,7,17,18], polyesters, etc., have been used in drug delivery [19]. Among these polymers, FDA-approved PLA and PLGA co-polymer have been successfully developed for clinical applications because their physical properties allow them to make micro and nano-drug particles and can be easily controlled to obtain desirable pharmacokinetic and biodegradable properties [19,20].…”

“…Among these polymers, FDA-approved PLA and PLGA co-polymer have been successfully developed for clinical applications because their physical properties allow them to make micro and nano-drug particles and can be easily controlled to obtain desirable pharmacokinetic and biodegradable properties [19,20]. This colloidal nanoparticle system can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs which demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties such as late or controlled absorption of the medicines, limited biodistribution, and an ampli ed retention time at the site of action, speci city to the affected tissues, and minimize side effects and toxicity of drug [4,21].…”