Nanotechnology for Alzheimer’s disease detection and treatment

Abstract

Abstract:In this paper, we present the role of nanotechnology in the development and improvement of techniques for early diagnosis and effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since AD pathology is almost irreversible and present-day medications for AD only lower its associated symptoms, application of disease-modifying treatments could be successful only if AD early diagnosis is possible. The nanodiagnostic methods reported and compared in this paper include both of in vitro and in vivo nature. Of the in vitro approaches, the DNA-nanoparticle conjugates (bio-barcode assay), nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance, scanning tunneling microscopy, and two-photon Rayleigh spectroscopy are presented here. Of the in vivo methods, µMRI and optical imaging techniques are discussed here. The nanotreatment methods for AD are numerous. They are categorized in this report under neuroprotective methods from toxicity of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) oligomers, oxidative stress of free radicals and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. The important agents for neuroprotection include nanogels, fullerene, nano-ceria, dendrimers, gold nanoparticles, and diamondoid derivatives. The major nanocarriers presented here include cholinesterase inhibitors nanocarriers, acetylcholine nanocarrier, metal chelator nanocarriers, (Iron chelators and copper chelators), curcuminoids nanocarrier, anti-oxidant nanocarriers, and gene nanocarriers. Considering that the AD is a multi-factorial disease with several pathogenetic mechanisms and pathways, a multifunctional nanotechnology approach will be needed to target its main molecular culprits. These molecular targets must include, but not limited to, Aβ oligomers, reactive oxygen species (ROS), excessive metal ions, tau phosphorylating kinases and cell cycle proteins.

A Bayesian Model for the Prediction and Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

“…According to BN theory, if we assume a directed graph G with N nodes, each node n ∈ N has a number of paternal nodes pa(n) that may be linked with “child” nodes and the joint distribution for such a network given as follows: $\begin{array}{c}leftPfalse(Nfalse)={\prod }_{n\in N}pfalse(n|pafalse(nfalse)false).\end{array}$ By taking into consideration the latest calculations for the relative probabilities of AD progression due to certain brain lesions (Table 2) (Christen, 2000; de la Torre, 2002; Praticò et al, 2002; Modrego and Ferrández, 2004; Hooper et al, 2007; Cheung et al, 2008; Stone, 2008; Schuff et al, 2009; Snider et al, 2009; Wang et al, 2009; Israeli-Korn et al, 2010; Barnes and Yaffe, 2011; Nazem and Mansoori, 2011; Serrano-Pozo et al, 2011; Bird, 2012; Alzheimer's Association, 2015; Chakrabarty et al, 2015) and the majority of the published AD biomarkers (Albert et al, 2010, 2011; Besson et al, 2015; Cabezas-Opazo et al, 2015; Dong et al, 2015; Duce et al, 2015; Eskildsen et al, 2015; Jansen et al, 2015; Madeira et al, 2015; Michel, 2015; Nakanishi et al, 2015; Ossenkoppele et al, 2015; Østergaard et al, 2015; Quiroz et al, 2015; Ringman et al, 2015; Risacher et al, 2015; Sastre et al, 2015; Schindler and Fagan, 2015; Sutphen et al, 2015; Thordardottir et al, 2015; Cauwenberghe et al, 2016; Counts et al, 2016; Gaël et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2016) or calculating indirectly the relative probabilities, we designed a Bayesian model for the prediction of AD based on the abnormal testing of one or more biomarkers. The described probabilities were exported through major clinical trials globally and are continuously subject to updating and redefinition.…”

An in vitro assessment of the interaction of cadmium selenide quantum dots with DNA, iron, and blood platelets

“…CdSe nanoparticles may thus access the human body either through injured tissue or through various exposure routes such as inhalation and dermal contact (2, 3). CdSe quantum dots are currently under investigation for potential application in various fields, amongst them are the following: (i) diagnosis and treatment of diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's (4, 5); and (ii) drug delivery (6).…”

Nanotechnology Based Theranostic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease Management: Current Status and Future Perspective

“…Highly potent signal transduction can be achieved with nanotechnology that may help in early diagnosis of AD. This potential application of nanotechnology in imaging/detection is primarily based on the physical (magnetic, optical, or electrical), chemical and/or biological quality of smartly designed nanoparticles [20]. Conventionally, the soluble bio-markers of AD can be detected by two general approaches.…”