Nanotechnology in cervical cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy

Abstract

Immunotherapy is an emerging method for the treatment of cervical cancer and is more effective than surgery and radiotherapy, especially for recurrent cervical cancer. However, immunotherapy is limited by adverse effects in clinical practice. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely used for tumor diagnosis, drug delivery, and targeted therapy. In the setting of cervical cancer, nanotechnology can be used to actively or passively target immunotherapeutic agents to tumor sites, thereby enhancing local drug delivery, reducing drug adverse effects, achieving immunomodulation, improving the tumor immune microenvironment, and optimizing treatment efficacy. In this review, we highlight the current status of therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy in cervical cancer immunotherapy, as well as the application of lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and exosomes in this context.

Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Reproductive Disorders

“…The use of nanotechnologies, including gold nanospheres, gold nanorods, carbon nanotubes, nanogels, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, liposomes, and quantum dots, has shown considerable promise in the field of ovarian cancer diagnostics and therapy. Nanotechnologies have the potential to facilitate the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells, hence enhancing treatment effectiveness and reducing adverse effects . Moreover, the use of nanotechnology-based imaging methods has the potential to augment the timely identification of ovarian cancer, hence enabling earlier intervention and ultimately leading to enhanced patient outcomes.…”

“…Nanotechnologies have the potential to facilitate the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells, hence enhancing treatment effectiveness and reducing adverse effects. 185 Moreover, the use of nanotechnology-based imaging methods has the potential to augment the timely identification of ovarian cancer, hence enabling earlier intervention and ultimately leading to enhanced patient outcomes. The process entails the use of nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and quantum dots for the precise targeting of cancer cells in the ovarian region.…”

Exosomes: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer

“…[ 73 ]. Since exosomes contain non-coding RNAs [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], these non-coding RNAs may affect cancer progression and other life processes.…”

“…Since exosomal miRNAs have multiple targets [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], they might cause unwanted side effects. Reducing such side effects will be an important part of employing modified exosomes with miRNAs as anticancer therapies.…”

“…Exosomes are present in culture supernatants, serum, plasma, urine, and various other sources [ 7 ]. They contain DNA, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lnc RNAs), circulatory RNAs (circ RNAs), DNA fragments, proteins, and various lipids [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”