Nanotribology: friction, wear and lubrication at the atomic scale

Bhushan, Bharat; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Landman, Uzi

doi:10.1038/374607a0

Cited by 1,531 publications

(1,050 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The properties and technologies based on these properties can now be revisited, allowing for studies and increased understanding on the molecular scale. For example tribology, the science of friction, lubrication and wear, has experienced a renaissance with the development of new technologies of superior lubricants, wear-resistant coatings, and new nanotribological tools such as friction force microscopy 15,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular surface chemistry by metal single crystals and nanoparticles from vacuum to high pressure

2008

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Model systems for studying molecular surface chemistry have evolved from single crystal surfaces at low pressure to colloidal nanoparticles at high pressure. Low pressure surface structure studies of platinum single crystals using molecular beam surface scattering and low energy electron diffraction techniques probe the unique activity of defects, steps and kinks at the surface for dissociation reactions (H-H, C-H, C-C, O=O bonds). High-pressure investigations of platinum single crystals using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy have revealed the presence and the nature of reaction intermediates. High pressure scanning tunneling microscopy of platinum single crystal surfaces showed adsorbate mobility during a catalytic reaction. Nanoparticle systems are used to determine the role of metal-oxide interfaces, site blocking and the role of surface structures in reactive surface chemistry. The size, shape and composition of nanoparticles play important roles in determining reaction activity and selectivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular surface chemistry by metal single crystals and nanoparticles from vacuum to high pressure

2008

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“…Accordingly, it may be more appropriate to treat the tribological issues in Microsystems at the nano-and atomic scale [2] rather than the macroscale [3,4]. It may be reasoned that sliding of components in Microsystems occurs without much wear and deformation, which means that friction depends mostly on the local interatomic forces at the sliding interface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creation of ultra-low friction and wear surfaces for micro-devices using carbon films

Rha

Kwon

Cho

et al. 2005

Wear

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Certain micro-devices require sliding contact between components; micro-engines, micro-motors, micro-gears, and near-contact or contact recording hard disk drives are some examples. In these devices tribological problems--namely friction, wear and stiction-determine device efficiency and lifetime. Newly developed carbon films show ultra low friction (lower than 0.05), low wear coefficient (lower than 10 -8 ), and high contact angle of water (higher than 85 degrees). This film has very low adherent property that results in ultra low friction and high contact angle. The hardness and elastic modulus are lower than H-DLC but the ratio of hardness to modulus is similar to values for H-DLC that results in low wear rate. Even though these carbon film has low hardness (2 to 10 GPa), it can be used as a protective layer in micro-devices because the X applied load is very light and contact area is large in micro-device applications. A new oscillating compliant beam method was used to measure friction and wear.

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“…Spurred on by recent technological advances that have given new insight into frictional processes at the atomistic level [8], there have recently been many attempts to model atomic-scale friction using lowdimensional nonlinear models [9]. Many of these have been variations on driven one-or two-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova (FK) type models, in which a chain or layer of interacting particles is subject to a periodic substrate potential and a driving force.…”

Section: Dry Frictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The (dimensionless) elastic energy in 2D is given with, ǫ = ǫ(r), by: 8) where the detailed expressions can be found in Ref. [21].…”

Section: Patterns Arising From Elastic Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity at Mesoscale

Bishop

Rasmussen

Röder

et al. 2001

Nonlinearity and Disorder: Theory and Applications

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Through three examples we illustrate some of the concepts and ingredients required for pattern formation at mesoscopic scales. Two examples build on microscopic models where mesoscopic patterns emerge from homogeneous ground states driven into instability by external forcing. In contrast, the third example builds on a mesoscopic phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau type model of solid-solid structural phase transitions. Here, mesoscopic textures emerge as a result of competing length scales arising from the constraints of elastic compatibility.

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Nanotribology: friction, wear and lubrication at the atomic scale

Cited by 1,531 publications

References 99 publications

Molecular surface chemistry by metal single crystals and nanoparticles from vacuum to high pressure

Molecular surface chemistry by metal single crystals and nanoparticles from vacuum to high pressure

Creation of ultra-low friction and wear surfaces for micro-devices using carbon films

Complexity at Mesoscale

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