Nanovesicles from Malassezia sympodialis and Host Exosomes Induce Cytokine Responses – Novel Mechanisms for Host-Microbe Interactions in Atopic Eczema

Gehrmann, Ulf; Qazi, Khaleda Rahman; Johansson, Catharina; Hultenby, Kjell; Karlsson, Matilda; Lundeberg, Lena; Gabrielsson, Susanne; Scheynius, Annika

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021480

Cited by 133 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Exosome-like vesicles have been isolated and purified following specific and validated protocols used for a wide range of organisms and systems (Simpson et al 2009;Mathivanan et al 2010;Gehrmann et al 2011;Lasser et al 2012). Moreover, we reveal the size and shape of these structures, demonstrating the structures contain special excretory/secretory proteins, suggesting an important role for exosome-like vesicles in parasite-host communication, and modulate host cell immune responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exosome-like vesicles derived by Schistosoma japonicum adult worms mediates M1 type immune- activity of macrophage

et al. 2015

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Exosomes are 30-100-nm membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are released into the extracellular space upon fusion of the multi-vesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane, while initial studies described that the role of exosomes was a reticulocyte cargo-disposal mechanism allowing remodeling of the plasma membrane during the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes. Recent studies indicate that exosomes are secreted by most cells and pathogens and play an important role in intercellular signaling and exert regulatory function by carrying bioactive molecules. As numerous pathogens, adult worm of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) reside in mesenteric veins of definitive host including man and mammal animals. It was reported that the worms or the eggs also have specialized secretion systems to export effector proteins or other molecules into host target cells. However, the mechanisms involved remained unclear. This study investigated the isolation of the exosome-like vesicles secreted by S. japonicum adult worms and its immune activity on microphage in vitro. In this report, we identified exosome-based secretion as a new mechanism for protein secretion by S. japonicum. Electron microscopy tomography revealed the previously unidentified ultrastructural detail of exosome-like vesicles with high resolution; they were found to be typical spherical shape and to have a diverse population that varies in size of 30-100 nm. Exosome-like vesicles isolated from S. japonicum contained a significantly different protein compared with debris pelleted and the apoptosis body. We also demonstrate that macrophages were preferentially differentiated into the M1 subtype while being treated with S. japonicum exosome-like vesicles. This study reveals there are exosome-like vesicles derived by S. japonicum adult worms, and the exosome-like vesicles can mediate M1-type immune- activity of macrophage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exosome-like vesicles derived by Schistosoma japonicum adult worms mediates M1 type immune- activity of macrophage

et al. 2015

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“…Secondly, nanovesicles and proteins from skin-colonising Malassezia spp. can induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and histamine, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD (21,22). Thirdly, Malassezia spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malassezia spp.-specific Immunoglobulin E Level is a Marker for Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Adults

Glatz¹,

Buchner²,

Bartenwerffer³

et al. 2015

Acta Derm Venerol

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The significance of allergen-specific IgE as marker for severity of atopic dermatitis is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of IgE-mediated sensitisation to food and environmental allergens in 132 children and 67 adults with atopic dermatitis, and its correlation to severity of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD). Total IgE was elevated (> 100 kU/l) in 79.7% of adults and 46.8% of children. Sensitisation frequencies to allergens, particularly microbial allergens, were up to 10-fold higher in adults compared to children. Severity of atopic dermatitis correlated with elevated total IgE in adults (r = 0.549, p < 0.001) and children (r = 0.344, p = 0.005) and with Malassezia spp.-specific IgE in adults (r = 0.429, p = 0.007). Total IgE is a marker for severe atopic dermatitis in both age groups. Malassezia spp.-specific IgE is an important allergen-specific marker for severity of atopic dermatitis in adults.

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“…The proposal that extracellular vesicle release is a general mechanism in distantly related fungi was supported by a recent study by Vallejo and coworkers [25], who demonstrated the occurrence of extracellular vesicles in Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis . A recent study by Gehrmann and colleagues [42] and unpublished results from our laboratory suggest that the basidiomycetes Malassezia sympodialis and Trichosporon asahii , respectively, also produces extracellular vesicles [ joffe ls, unpublished data ]. Although it is clear that the literature still requires confirmation of the production of extracellular vesicles by other species, this phenomenon has now been described for eight different fungal species.…”

Section: Characterization Of Extracellular Vesicle Production In Diffmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vesicle-stimulated macrophages also produced higher levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β. In Malassezia sympodialis , release of extracellular vesicles inducing IL-4 and TNF-α has been described in patients with atopic eczema [42]. It remains unknown whether fungal extracellular vesicles are active during infection, but detection of released vesicles in both in vivo and in vitro models of infection supports this possibility [12].…”

Section: Are Extracellular Vesicles Involved In Interaction Of Fungi mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vesicular Transport Systems in Fungi

Rodrigues¹,

Nosanchuk

Schrank

et al. 2011

Future Microbiol.

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Canonical and unconventional mechanisms of secretion in many eukaryotic cells are relatively well known. In contrast to the situation in animal cells, mechanisms of secretion in fungi must include the capacity for trans-cell wall passage of macromolecules to the extracellular space. Although these mechanisms remain somewhat elusive, several studies in recent years have suggested that vesicular transport is required for trans-cell wall secretion of large molecules. Several fungal molecules, including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and pigments, are released to the extracellular space in vesicles. In pathogenic fungi, a number of these vesicular components are associated with fungal virulence. Indeed, extracellular vesicles produced by fungi can interfere with the immunomodulatory activity of host cells. Fungal vesicles share many functional aspects with mammalian exosomes and extracellular vesicles produced by bacteria, plants and protozoa, but their cellular origin remains unknown. Here, we discuss the involvement of vesicular transport systems in fungal physiology and pathogenesis, making parallels with the mammalian, bacterial, protozoan and plant cell literature.

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Nanovesicles from Malassezia sympodialis and Host Exosomes Induce Cytokine Responses – Novel Mechanisms for Host-Microbe Interactions in Atopic Eczema

Cited by 133 publications

References 50 publications

Exosome-like vesicles derived by Schistosoma japonicum adult worms mediates M1 type immune- activity of macrophage

Exosome-like vesicles derived by Schistosoma japonicum adult worms mediates M1 type immune- activity of macrophage

Malassezia spp.-specific Immunoglobulin E Level is a Marker for Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Adults

Vesicular Transport Systems in Fungi

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