Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional methods for regulating oxidative stress using drugs or enzyme molecules often face limitations in efficacy, potential side effects and the ability to fully meet clinical needs. The emergence of nanozymes offers a novel approach to overcoming these challenges and exploring therapeutic mechanisms. This article reviews the latest advancements in using nanozymes for treating neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on the interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the nervous system. It begins by analyzing the characteristics of ROS and summarizing the mechanisms of ROS interaction with neurons and glial cells within the complex nervous network. Next, it introduces and summarizes application examples and mechanistic insights into different types of ROS-related nanozymes in various neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the current state and future prospects of combining nanozymes with advanced technologies, such as in vitro detection and artificial intelligence, for disease treatment are discussed. This approach has the potential to significantly advance the development of therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.