Naptalam as a Safener Against Chloramben in Cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i>)

Knerr, Larry D.; Hopen, H. J.

doi:10.1017/s0890037x0003253x

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Chloramben metabolism in plants resulted in the formation of conjugates rather than degradation of the herbicide (Stoller and Wax, 1968). Adding naptalam to chloramben could result in a safening effect that potentially could allow the use of chloramben for chemical weed control in cucumber (Knerr and Hopen, 1989). From laboratory studies, the mode of safening action of naptalam on chloramben in cucumber appears, in part, to result from a reduction in the amount of free chloramben present in the leaves via an alteration of chloramben metabolism and a restriction of chloramben translocation to the leaves (Knerr et al 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From laboratory studies, the mode of safening action of naptalam on chloramben in cucumber appears, in part, to result from a reduction in the amount of free chloramben present in the leaves via an alteration of chloramben metabolism and a restriction of chloramben translocation to the leaves (Knerr et al 1991). The safening effect was inconsistent under field conditions and depended on proper levels of moisture for uptake (Knerr and Hopen, 1989;La Bonte and Hopen, 1985). Irrigation immediately following herbicide application would be preferable when naptalam is applied, followed by a 24-to 48-h delay in chloramben application (Knerr and Hopen, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When applied in conjunction with chloramben, naptalam has been shown to elicit a safening effect by affecting the translocation and metabolism of chloramben (Knerr et al, 1991). Under field conditions, optimal safening is obtained by applying chloramben 24 to 72 h after naptalam application (Knerr and Hopen, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plant Density and Herbicides Affect Cucumber Productivity

Staub¹,

Knerr²,

Hopen³

1992

jashs

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The growth and yield of three cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes were evaluated in 1987 and 1988 using three planting arrangements and four weed control treatments. A monoecious, indeterminate, normal leaf cultivar, Calypso, a gynoecious, normal leaf size determinate × monoecious determinate F1 hybrid (UW 11234), and a gynoecious, determinate little leaf inbred line (WI 50476) were evaluated for fruit yield at a 30-cm equidistant (109,000 plants/ha), a 20-cm equidistant (242,000 plants/ha), and a 43-cm row (272,000 plants/ha) spacing. Weed control treatments consisted of an unweeded control, naptalam benzoic acid at 6.7 kg ae/ha, chloramben at 4.5 kg ae/ha, and the herbicides in combination. Although number and weight of fruit per hectare increased with increasing plant density, fruit weight per plant decreased with increasing density. Fruit harvested from plants in unweeded control plots were significantly smaller than those in herbicide-treated plots, and fruit yield of unweeded control plots was lower than in nonweedy plots in 1987. In 1987, plants in plots treated with naptalam produced smaller fruit than plants in plots treated with chloramben or chloramben plus naptalam. Although fruit yield per plant in 1987 was similar in chloramben plots with or without naptalam and generally higher than that of plots treated only with naptalam, fruit yields from naptalam-treated plants were highest in 1988. `Calypso' usually produced more and larger fruit than the determinate genotypes. Based on comparisons of fruit per plant under comparable spacings, productivity of WI 5047G was often lower and its fruit were smaller than those of normal leaf genotypes. Plants of WI 5047G may not attain the source capacity needed for adequate fruit growth before the onset of anthesis, thus producing smaller fruit. Chemical names used: (2-[(1-naphtalenylamino)carbonyl)benzoic acid (naptalam); 3-amino-2,5dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant Density and Herbicides Affect Cucumber Productivity

Staub¹,

Knerr²,

Hopen³

1992

jashs

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“…Herbicides currently registered for cucumber production include bensulide, chloramben, DCPA, glyphosate, naptalam, paraquat, and trifluralin. Bensulide and naptalam often give poor annual weed control (Knerr and Hopen, 1989;Nell, 1977;Romanowski and Tanaka, 1965), while DCPA causes severe crop damage when surface-applied before crop emergence (Monaco and Miller, 1972). Trifluralin may result in crop injury and is limited to use in the southern United States (Weed Control Manual, 1986).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chloramben is an excellent grass and broadleaf herbicide. However, cucumber tolerance to chloramben is marginal (Baker and Warren, 1962;Cole and Jordan, 1974;Knerr and Hopen, 1989), requiring the addition of activated charcoal over the seed row as a safening agent (Union Carbide Agr. Prod., 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluations and Correlated Responses for Resistance to Chloramben Herbicide in Cucumber

Staub¹,

Knerr²,

Weston³

1991

HortSci

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The U.S. cucumber germplasm collection (753 accessions) and U.S. adapted processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) inbreds and hybrids were surveyed for response to 6.7 kg ae/ha of chloramben. Nine plant introductions (PI 165952, 173892, 179676, 275411, 277741, 279464, 279465, 436609, and 482464) were classified as tolerant to chloramben, based on percentage and rate of field emergence and seedling vigor. All adapted strains evaluated were susceptible to chloramben injury. The chloramben-tolerant accessions (C0) were subjected to two cycles of recurrent half-sib family selection that resulted in 11 C2 families. These families, a susceptible adapted line (WI 2870), and the resistant PI 436609 were evaluated in the field (6.7 kg ae/ha) and laboratory (0.0, 0.01, and 0.0001 M) for response to chloramben challenge. Significant (P = 0.05) differences between families were observed for percentage emergence and phytotoxicity ratings. Correlations between emergence and phytotoxicity ratings at two dates were low (r2 = -0.32 and – 0.05). Significant (P = 0.05) interfamily differences were also recorded for percentage germination, hypocotyl length, primary root length, and number of lateral roots in the laboratory. Correlated responses between these growth variables were high (r2 = 0.78 to 0.84), but correlations between field and laboratory observations were low (r2 = -0.31 to 0.24). We hypothesize that the genetic response to chloramben challenge under laboratory conditions depends on the concentration of the chemical administered. Chemical name used: 3-amino-2, 5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben).

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Progress and developments in adjuvant use since 1989 in the usa

Foy

1993

Pestic. Sci.

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Over 50 articles on adjuvants have been published in Weed Science and Weed Technology, journals of the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA), from July 1989 through September 1992. More than 30 presentations on adjuvants were made at the 1990, '91 and '92 Annual Meetings of WSSA. Research involved c. 45 herbicides, 31 weed species, 19 crops, and numerous adjuvants. Results obtained indicated that the adjuvants tested either enhanced or had no effect on herbicide efficacy. Efficacy was enhanced in the majority of the studies. Some herbicides at lower rates plus adjuvants provided weed control equal to that achieved with higher rates of the same herbicides. Absorption, penetration, and translocation of several herbicides were enhanced with adjuvants. Some adjuvants also enhanced rates of herbicide photolysis, decreased antagonism, prevented herbicide injury to crops, altered the pH of spray solutions, increased deposition and enhanced retention of herbicides, increased rainfastness, promoted better germination of mycoherbicide spores, and were effective formulating agents. Adjuvants appeared to have no effect on herbicides in soil. Product labels of 19 agrochemical companies, involving c. 485 formulations of crop protection chemicals for use in 1992, recommend use of adjuvants with 49% of such formulations; 5% specify that no additional adjuvants are recommended, while the remaining 46% (including granular formulations) do not mention adjuvant use. Adjuvants are recommended with 71% (and not recommended with only 3%) of herbicide (including defoliant) formulations, and recommended with c. 30% and not recommended with c. 14% of the other classes of crop protection chemicals including plant growth regulators, insecticides, miticides, nematicides, fungicides, larvacides, seed treatments, soil fumigants, and repellents. More than 30 types of adjuvant are mentioned on product labels. Several new adjuvants for use with agrochemicals were marketed during 1990–92.

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Naptalam as a Safener Against Chloramben in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Plant Density and Herbicides Affect Cucumber Productivity

Plant Density and Herbicides Affect Cucumber Productivity

Evaluations and Correlated Responses for Resistance to Chloramben Herbicide in Cucumber

Progress and developments in adjuvant use since 1989 in the usa

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