Narcolepsy: a model interaction between immune system, nervous system, and sleep-wake regulation

Latorre, Daniela; Sallusto, Federica; Bassetti, C.; Kallweit, Ulf

doi:10.1007/s00281-022-00933-9

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…According to some studies, narcolepsy affects more males than females and children, while some say the contrary. It can affect any age group regardless of gender [ 21 ]. The typical tetrad of narcolepsy was given in the year 1956 by Yoss and Daly, which included EDS, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and cataplexy [ 22 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrad of Narcolepsy Type 1: Treatment and Management

Gandhi,

Ferdous

2024

Cureus

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Narcolepsy is a chronic condition that brings about excessive daytime sleepiness. It can be classified into two types: narcolepsy type 1 (presence of cataplexy, which is marked by weakness of muscles) and narcolepsy type 2 (without cataplexy). It is generally underdiagnosed, which results in delayed diagnosis of the condition. It has more prevalence in the United States of America as compared to India. The narcoleptic tetrad consists of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder is another characteristic feature. Research about narcolepsy has been carried out for about 145-150 years, but it is only in the last 18-20 years that there has been advancement in the underlying pathophysiology, diagnosis, and, thus, availability of better treatment. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are preferred in treating narcolepsy, yet there is no cure for it. Since the knowledge regarding this condition is very limited, it is often misunderstood, and dealing with it is mentally and socially draining, often causing anxiety in the patients, feeling of social isolation, and other significant impacts on the quality of living. Raising awareness about narcolepsy is vital to prevent further medical attention delays.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrad of Narcolepsy Type 1: Treatment and Management

Gandhi,

Ferdous

2024

Cureus

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“…Latorre et al review the strong HLA gene polymorphisms found in GWAS studies of narcolepsy and the emerging data on autoreactive T cells against the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin-producing neurons that regulate sleep. 4 It has recently been recognized that inflammation plays a role in outcome after cerebrovascular diseases like ischemic stroke. DeLong et al in this issue examine the initiation and resolution of the inflammatory responses after stroke with the complex impacts of leukocytes and microglia on outcomes.…”

Section: Neuroimmune Interactions In Health and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmune interactions in health and disease

Hafler

Sansing

2022

Semin Immunopathol

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“…A close connection between the immune system and sleep-regulating mechanisms has been suggested, such as the link between narcolepsy and particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens [ 26 ]. Therefore, a similar association between KLS and HLA has been proposed.…”

Section: Etiology: Proposed Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Kleine–Levin Syndrome

Qasrawi

BaHammam

2022

Curr Sleep Medicine Rep

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Purpose of Review Kleine – Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare relapsing–remitting sleep disorder distinguished by recurrent periods of severe hypersomnia accompanied by cognitive, mood, and behavioral changes. This review focuses mainly on the most recent developments and articles concerning this illness in the preceding five years while attempting to provide a basic overview of KLS. Recent Findings Genetic links were reported in some patients with KLS, like variation in TRANK1 in a worldwide case – control genome-wide association in patients with KLS, in addition to several uncommon variations in the LMOD3 gene, some of which are likely to be pathogenic, discovered by linkage analysis and exome sequencing in a sizable Saudi Arabian family with KLS and a European cohort of KLS patients. Additionally, recent data indicate that the amplitude of the circadian active/rest cycles significantly decreased during hypersomnia attacks, but during asymptomatic periods, it did not differ significantly from the controls. Moreover, patients with KLS are at a higher risk of developing emerging psychiatric disorders during follow-up. Recent data also points to possible discoveries of diagnostic-potential dysregulated proteomic patterns in KLS. Finally, new data suggest that functional imaging studies are often abnormal in KLS both during and between episodes. Summary KLS is an uncommon, severe, and uniform illness. When it comes to the diagnosis and treatment of KLS, these characteristics offer both opportunities and challenges. Over the past five years, some promising work has appeared in genetics, functional imaging, and biomarker identification; nevertheless, these areas still need more focus to advance the detection and treatment of patients suffering from KLS.

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Narcolepsy: a model interaction between immune system, nervous system, and sleep-wake regulation

Cited by 21 publications

References 115 publications

Tetrad of Narcolepsy Type 1: Treatment and Management

Tetrad of Narcolepsy Type 1: Treatment and Management

Neuroimmune interactions in health and disease

An Update on Kleine–Levin Syndrome

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