Naringenin as an antibacterial reagent controlling of biofilm formation and fatty acid metabolism in MRSA

Abstract

24MRSA is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and they are widespread and making 25 trouble in treatment in communities and surgical areas. MRSA have been adapted to antibiotics 26 so that they can block the access of antibiotics physically or chemically deactivate it or modify 27 the precursor of the target. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites which are naturally produced 28 by plant or fungus and they are acting generally as pigment, quorum sensing molecules, 29 antibiotics to other competitive microorganisms. Their natural origins and multiple activities 30 have drawn much attention to be developed as the potential drugs since flavonoids could be a 31 good candidate to overcome antibiotic resistant bacteria. Among various flavonoids, we found 32 out naringenin has antibacterial activity on MRSA and Δagr mutants which are more resistance 33 than MRSA to beta-lactam antibiotics by decreasing biofilm formation dramatically and 34 decreasing the secretion of fatty acid. It also showed high synergetic activity with oxacillin to 35 both antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition. Considering the number of flavonoids, our 36 experiments expand the possibility of the use of flavonoids to MRSA.37 38

Naringenin Nano-Delivery Systems and Their Therapeutic Applications

“…It can down-regulate the pro-inflammatory mediators, such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) for controlling diabetes and preventing obesity via reduction of the total amount of cholesterol and triglyceride contents in plasma and liver [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. It also shows antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains [ 19 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Flavonoids in Lemon and Grapefruit IntegroPectin

“…Besides showing anti-cancer, cholesterol-lowering, anti-apoptotic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, naringin is an antimicrobial agent inhibiting growth of bacteria such as Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces viscosus, Aggregatibacter actinomycecomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus casei as well as of Candida albicans fungal species typical of the dental plaque [20]. Remarkably, naringenin (the aglycone of naringin) was lately found by scholars in South Korea to exert powerful antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its mutant strain Δagr by inhibiting the microbial fatty acid synthesis [21], in full agreement with the bactericidal activity of grapefruit IntegroPectin against S. aureus lately discovered [4].…”

Naringenin and Its Derivatives—Health-Promoting Phytobiotic against Resistant Bacteria and Fungi in Humans

“…In this study, bioflavonoid inhibited growth of both MRSA and MSSA (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ), but the growth was visible around penicillin and oxacillin discs and methicillin strips [ 69 ]. In contrary, another study revealed synergistic interaction between naringenin and oxacillin against MRSA, resulting in lesser cell growth measured as cell density [ 70 ].…”

“…Those were proven to be suppressed by this bioflavonoid [ 71 ]. An analogical study was performed for MRSA and Δ agr mutant (mutation inserted in the accessory gene regulator quorum sensing (QS) system), revealing lower expression of icaAD gene and thus lower levels of biofilm formation after incubation in naringenin [ 70 ].…”

“…Song and co-workers showed in their research that the presence of naringenin not only influences the distribution of fatty acids in the bacterial cell, but also reduces the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation. This situation contributes to a change in the structure of the biofilm and an increase in the sensitivity of the S. aureus strain showing MR resistance to antibiotics [ 70 ]. Other studies have also shown that naringenin is an antagonist of cell-to-cell signaling, an important regulatory factor in biofilm production in some bacteria [ 84 ].…”