Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting

Elkhatib, Walid F.; Abdelkareem, Shereen S.; Khalaf, Wafaa S.; Shahin, Mona I.; Elfadil, Dounia; Alhazmi, Alaa; El-Batal, Ahmed I.; El-Sayyad, Gharieb S.

doi:10.1186/s12985-022-01902-2

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 267 publications

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“…Respiratory viruses have had a significant impact on human health over the centuries, as exemplified by the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) (COVID-19) pandemic. 1) Easily transmissible among humans and animals, such viruses evolve in a relatively haphazard manner where the most transmissible and virulent strains survive. 2) Their rapid mutation rates enable them to evade natural immune responses and quickly spread throughout a population.…”

Section: The Impact and Transmissibility Of Respiratory Viruses In Hi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kingdon or Orbitrap 34) ion traps and ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) instruments 35) confer the highest mass resolution, which improves confidence in virus identification and assignment. This article presents the application of MALDI-ToF, MALDI hybrid Q-ToF, and high-resolution MALDI Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) instruments in the study of respiratory viruses, given these have posed the greatest risk to human health over the past century, 1) as exemplified by the recent SARS-CoV2 pandemic.…”

Section: A Case For Maldi-ms For Virus Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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25 Years Responding to Respiratory and Other Viruses with Mass Spectrometry

Downard

2023

Mass Spectrometry

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This review article presents the development and application of mass spectrometry (MS) approaches, developed in the author’s laboratory over the past 25 years, to detect; characterise, type and subtype; and distinguish major variants and subvariants of respiratory viruses such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). All features make use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass maps, recorded for individual viral proteins or whole virus digests. A MALDI-based immunoassay in which antibody–peptide complexes were preserved on conventional MALDI targets without their immobilisation led to an approach that enabled their indirect detection. The site of binding, and thus the molecular antigenicity of viruses, could be determined. The same approach was employed to study antivirals bound to their target viral protein, the nature of the binding residues, and relative binding affinities. The benefits of high-resolution MS were exploited to detect sequence-conserved signature peptides of unique mass within whole virus and single protein digests. These enabled viruses to be typed, subtyped, their lineage determined, and variants and subvariants to be distinguished. Their detection using selected ion monitoring improved analytical sensitivity limits to aid the identification of viruses in clinical specimens. The same high-resolution mass map data, for a wide range of viral strains, were input into a purpose-built algorithm (MassTree) in order to both chart and interrogate viral evolution. Without the need for gene or protein sequences, or any sequence alignment, this phylonumerics approach also determines and displays single-point mutations associated with viral protein evolution in a single-tree building step.

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Section: The Impact and Transmissibility Of Respiratory Viruses In Hi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Case For Maldi-ms For Virus Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

25 Years Responding to Respiratory and Other Viruses with Mass Spectrometry

Downard

2023

Mass Spectrometry

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“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the fifth pandemic after 1918 H1N1 (Spanish flu), 1957 H2N2 (Asian flu), 1968 H3N2 (Hong Kong flu) and 2009 H1N1 (Influenza) [ 1 ]. The disease was discovered in China, and its most common clinical symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, rhinorrhoea, headache, fatigue, shortness of breath, abdominal pain and anosmia [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of COVID-19 in Patients with Diarrhoea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2023

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COVID-19 patients occasionally present with diarrhoea. Our objective was to estimate the risk of developing the severe disease in COVID-19 patients with and without diarrhoea and to provide a more precise estimate of the prevalence of COVID-19-associated digestive symptoms. A total of 88 studies (n = 67,794) on patients with a COVID-19 infection published between 1 January 2020 and 20 October 2022 were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of digestive symptoms was 27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 21–34%; I2 = 99%). According to our data, the pooled prevalence of diarrhoea symptoms in the 88 studies analysed was 17% (95% CI: 14–20%; I2 = 98%). The pooled estimate of nausea or vomiting in a total of 60 studies was 12% (95% CI: 8–15%; I2 = 98%). We also analysed 23 studies with eligible individuals (n = 3800) to assess the association between the disease severity and diarrhoea. Individuals who had diarrhoea were more likely to have experienced severe COVID-19 (odds ratio: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.31–2.24; p < 0.0001; I2 = 10%). Gastrointestinal symptoms and diarrhoea are frequently presenting COVID-19 manifestations that physicians should be aware of.

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