Abstract:Two models of the career development of early adolescent girls were investigated. For each model, endogenous variables were adolescents' gender role attitudes and the mother-daughter relationship (psychological separation and attachment); exogenous variables were adolescents' grade point averages, agentic characteristics, and a latent variable, maternal characteristics. Career orientation (Model 1) and career aspirations (Model 2) were the final outcome variables. A sample of 276 girls drawn from 7th and 8th graders in the rural area of a southeastern state and their mothers participated. In both models, adolescents' agentic characteristics and maternal variables contributed significantly to adolescents' gender role attitudes. In addition, in Model 2, adolescents' agentic characteristics and the mother-daughter relationship contributed to the girls' career aspirations.Keywords: girls | sex role attitudes | mother-daughter relationship | grade point averages | agentic | maternal characteristics | career orientation | aspirations | female 7th-8th graders
Article:Since the years of World War II, women have entered the workforce in steadily increasing numbers, both before and after marriage, with and without children ( Betz & Fitzgerald, 1987). By 1990, approximately 57 million adult women (16 years and older) were in the paid labor force in the United States, and it is projected that women will compose 47% of the labor force by 2005 ( U.S. Department of Labor, 1992). For many women today, working outside the home is almost inevitable. As Hyde (1985) discovered, the working woman today is not a deviation from the norm. Rather, she is the norm.It thus appears that there is no longer much question whether women will participate in the labor force. More relevant questions today are what types of careers women consider and what factors influence their choices, particularly in light of evidence that most women continue to be employed in low-paying, traditionally female careers and jobs, such as social work, teaching, nursing, sales, technical work, and administrative support positions ( Post-Kammer & Smith,