I would like to thank my advisor Jean Pierre von der Weid, whose teaching capabilities go far beyond optics and photonics. I learned to be curious about every tiny detail, which not often, but occasionally, hides incredible answers, revealed only to those who persist in being curious.To all my colleagues and friends from the photonics laboratory at PUC-Rio, who were always there to help and happy to discuss about all the interesting phenomena we witnessed over the years.To my wife, who enlightens my days with joy and love, being the best life-partner any man could ask for.To my mother, for her unlimited love and support, and for encouraging me along each and every step of the way.To my brother. My uttermost example of integrity, who has always chosen the path made of principles, that leads to character.Without them, this work would not have been possible. To all my family and friends, who directly or indirectly contributed to this work.This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001. And I would also like to thank the Brazilian agency CNPq for the financial support.