“…Nasal cytology is a widely recognised and easy‐to‐apply diagnostic procedure that allows assessing the normal and pathological aspects of the nasal mucosa, by identifying and counting the cell types and their morphology. 1 Since the cytological characteristics of the infiltrating inflammatory cells could reflect any cytopathological alterations of the blood circulating cells, it is not surprising that pathological findings of patients affected by oncohaematological diseases could also be found in nasal cytology. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been reported regarding nasal cytology findings of patients with diseases.…”
Nasal cytology is a diagnostic tool that evaluates the normal and pathological aspects of the nasal mucosa, by identifying and counting the cell types and their morphology. Since the cytological characteristics of the infiltrating inflammatory cells could reflect any cytopathological alterations of the blood circulating cells, it is not surprising that pathological findings of patients affected by oncohaematological diseases could also be found in nasal cytology. Therefore, this diagnostic tool could be applied to other branches of medicine including haematology.
“…Nasal cytology is a widely recognised and easy‐to‐apply diagnostic procedure that allows assessing the normal and pathological aspects of the nasal mucosa, by identifying and counting the cell types and their morphology. 1 Since the cytological characteristics of the infiltrating inflammatory cells could reflect any cytopathological alterations of the blood circulating cells, it is not surprising that pathological findings of patients affected by oncohaematological diseases could also be found in nasal cytology. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been reported regarding nasal cytology findings of patients with diseases.…”
Nasal cytology is a diagnostic tool that evaluates the normal and pathological aspects of the nasal mucosa, by identifying and counting the cell types and their morphology. Since the cytological characteristics of the infiltrating inflammatory cells could reflect any cytopathological alterations of the blood circulating cells, it is not surprising that pathological findings of patients affected by oncohaematological diseases could also be found in nasal cytology. Therefore, this diagnostic tool could be applied to other branches of medicine including haematology.
“…During the pollen season, patients present all the clinical signs and symptoms of AR and NC show neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and MCs, largely degranulated (Fig. 3 b), while out of season of exposure, they present a clinical and cytological “silence” [ 18 ]. Fig.…”
Background
Rhinitis is as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, characterized by high prevalence, widespread morbidity, and a significant financial burden on health care systems. Nevertheless, it is often considered as no more than a mere annoyance. This point of view has progressively led to underestimate and trivialize the disease. Therefore, there are numerous, mostly overlapping classifications of rhinopaties, but clear and standardized guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are still lacking. In the context of Precision Medicine, the development of a classification system focused on the endotypes of rhinitis to be widely adopted appears of utmost importance, also by virtue of study of the nasal immunophlogosis that, thanks to nasal cytology (NC), has recently allowed to better define the different forms of rhinitis, giving a new nosological dignity to several rhinopaties.
Aim
We aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding rhinitis and to propose a systematic classification of rhinitis, based on both etiology and cytological findings
“…Therefore, a careful stratification of patients into subgroups based on their phenotype/endotype is mandatory in order to obtain satisfactory therapeutic results [39]. The management of AR includes the removal of the allergen, pharmacological treatments (local and systemic antihistamines, antileukotriene drugs, and topical corticosteroids), and allergen immunotherapy [40]. On the other hand, NARs respond well to both topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy and antileukotriene drugs, but not to allergen immunotherapy [14].…”
Mast cells (MCs) are involved in several biological processes, such as defense against pathogens, immunomodulation, tissue repair after injury, and angiogenesis. MCs have been shown to change from protective immune cells to potent pro-inflammatory cells, influencing the progression of many pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancers. The role of MCs in the pathogenesis of rhinopathies has often been underestimated, since previous studies have focused their attention on eosinophils and neutrophils, while MCs were considered involved exclusively in allergic rhinitis. However, recent nasal cytology findings have shown the involvement of MCs in several rhinopathies, such as NARMA, NARESMA, and CRSwNP. These recent evidences highlight the crucial role that MCs play in orchestrating the inflammation of the nasal mucosa, through complex biological mechanisms, not yet fully understood. In this context, a better understanding of these mechanisms is fundamental for practicing Precision Medicine, which requires careful population selection and stratification into subgroups based on the phenotype/endotype of the patients, in order to guarantee the patient a tailored therapy. Based on this background, further studies are needed to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms involving MCs and, consequently, to develop targeted therapies aimed to obtain a selective inhibition of tissue remodeling and preventing MC-mediated immune suppression.
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