Nasal drug delivery–a review

Nasal Inserts for Drug Delivery: An Overview

“…Thus, there is no need for trained personnel which means self-medication is possible; in addition, it does not contribute to biohazardous waste since special containers are not required [4,5]. With regard to absorption, good penetration of lipophilic molecules and low molecular weight (Mw) drugs, rapid and fast onset of action due to relatively large absorption surface area and high vascularization are accepted as important advantages [6].…”

“…Nasal absorption can be affected by the physicochemical characteristics of the administered drug such as Mw, solubility, dissolution rate, partition coefficient, charge, pKa, particle size and polymorphism [10]. The physicochemical properties of a drug can be altered by the presence of some enhancers in the formulation by modifying drug solubility, partition coefficient, or ionic interactions with the drug [4]. Generally, polar and low Mw drugs show low bioavailability of about 10 and 1 %, respectively [8].…”

“…Nasal administration of active molecules including peptide and proteins for systemic medication and immunization has been widely investigated in recent years. Benefits, limitations and absorption mechanism of nasal route from different points of view have also been evaluated by investigators [1][2][3][4]. Bioadhesive nasal drug delivery systems have been mostly designed as powders, micro-and nanoparticulate forms, hydrogels and inserts.…”

Nasal Drug Delivery: Problem Solution and Its Application

“…Chitin and chitosan have been also suggested for use as vehicles for the sustained release of drugs. Example-indomethacin and papaverine hydrochloride 20,21,22 .…”

Impact of Airborne Particle Size, Acoustic Airflow and Breathing Pattern on Delivery of Nebulized Antibiotic into the Maxillary Sinuses Using a Realistic Human Nasal Replica

“…These cavities are poorly ventilated and only communicate with the nasal fossa via the maxillary ostium, a narrow duct (about 1-5 mm in diameter; 10-15 mm in length) (3). Drug aerosolization is a common therapeutic approach in the treatment of sinuses disorders such as rhinosinusitis since it is painless and safe and offers a number of advantages over systemic therapy (4,5).…”