Nasal Microbiota and Neuroinflammation: Relationship between Nasal Flora and Multiple Sclerosis Onset/Progression

Abstract

The role of nasal microbiota in contributing to neuroinflammation is gradually emerging. Multiple sclerosis and chronic rhinosinusitis share important clinical and epidemiological similarities, and the hypothetical connection among these two pathological entities should be carefully investigated. This editorial is based on a review of available literature on this topic. The main international databases were searched using the following keywords: neuroinflammation, nasal microbiota, multiple sclerosis, chronic rhino-sinusal disorders, chronic sinusitis. Four fully-consistent articles that investigated nasal microbiota alteration and/or chronic rhinosinusitis presence in subjects affected by multiple sclerosis were identified. Overall, these studies showed a significant connection between nasal microbiota dysbiosis and the presence of multiple sclerosis. New specific studies to analyze the nasal microbiota and its metabolism in patients affected by multiple sclerosis should be performed. In fact, a series of treatments able to change this flora could improve the rhino-sinusal state with consequent reduction of recurrent episodes of neuro-inflammation.

The Role of Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

“…Another issue is related to the differences between the microbiome, which constitutes both the host environment as well as all microorganisms encountered in it, and the microbiota, which is limited to microorganisms only [ 78 ]. In addition, it is still not clear whether the totality of the patient’s microbiome is equally important as microbiomes in different locations, such as the gut, oral [ 79 ], nasal cavity [ 80 ], pulmonary tract [ 81 ], or vagina [ 82 ]. This is of great importance since the environment is the single most important determinant of microbiota composition [ 83 ].…”

A Supplement with Ribes Nigrum, Boswellia Serrata, Bromelain and Vitamin D to Stop Local Inflammation in Chronic Sinusitis: A Case-Control Study

“…The nasal microbiota, which represents the common flora present in the nose and nasal sinus, can be modified by a viral infection or other bacteria not commonly resident in the nose, determining, once acute sinusitis is resolved, a chronic and persistent local inflammation [4]. Other conditions including airborne irritants, cigarette smoke or other toxins and congenital or acquired immune disorders [4] can also negatively impact by changing the nasal environment and reducing the local immune answer [5,6]. Moreover, CS can be caused by a host's allergy (excessive answer to common element as dust); this condition induces a constant inflammation of the mucosa followed by mucosal hyperplasia [5,6].…”