Nasal vaccine as a booster shot: a viable solution to restrict pandemic?

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revolutionized the vaccine market and initiated the momentum for alternative routes of administration for vaccines. The intranasal route of immunization is one such possibility that appears to be the most promising since it has some significant advantages, particularly in the prevention of respiratory infection. To analyze and summarize the role of nasal vaccines over conventional vaccines during COVID-19 and the need for the nasal vaccine as a booster shot. In this narrative review, the required data was retrieved using keywords “COVID-19,” “Intranasal,” “Immunity,” “Nasal spray,” and “Mucosal” in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, and Web of Sciences. The results of the study showed that the nasal vaccines were both effective and protective according to the current researches approaching during the COVID-19 period and the preclinical and clinical phase trials prove the intranasal vaccination elicits more robust and cross-protective immunity than conventional vaccines. In this narrative review article, mechanisms across the nasal mucosa will be briefly presented and the current status of nasal vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic is summarized, and advantages over traditional vaccines are provided. Furthermore, after exploring the primary benefits and kinetics of nasal vaccine, the potential for consideration of nasal vaccine as a booster dose is also discussed.

Coxsackievirus B3 HFMD animal models in Syrian hamster and rhesus monkey

“…Compared to the IG group animals, animals in NG group exhibited a longer viral excretion cycle. Thus, it was suggested that nasal drip infection might more closely resemble clinical infection routes than intraperitoneal infection, leading to a stronger host response ( Meenakshi et al., 2022 ). This discovery prompted us to consider how variations in infection patterns may impact CVB3 infection in hosts, highlighting the need for further comprehensive studies to improve our understanding of CVB3-host interactions and infection immune mechanisms.…”

Persistent but dysfunctional mucosal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and low lung IL-1β associate with COVID-19 fatal outcome: A cross-sectional analysis

“…In preclinical models, a vaccine-induced IgA was efficient at preventing COVID-19 development, but also at blocking viral transmission. Furthermore, nasal vaccination could not only be used for initial vaccination but also as a boost ( 85 , 86 ). Hence, anti-spike/N IgA could also eliminate virally infected cells by ADCC ( 87 ) or ADCP ( 77 ) as shown in other mucosal viral diseases ( 14 , 26 , 60 ) using innate immune cells expressing Fcα-receptor and acting as second-chance protection.…”

Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian Perspective of Vaccination and Management

“…In addition, BBV154 is the first Indian intranasal vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech, and Hyderabad is currently under development. Currently, BBV154 is under phase 3 clinical trials [ 111 ]. These are the various treatment options for omicron variants that were given during the pandemic under the vaccination program.…”