Naso‐enteric Tube Placement: A Review of Methods to Confirm Tip Location, Global Applicability and Requirements

Abstract

There is no ideal method for confirming NET tip localisation. While radiography (the gold standard used for comparison) and ultrasound were the most accurate methods, they are costly and not universally available. There remains the need to develop a low-cost, easy-use, accurate and reliable method for NET tip localization.

Eficacia de una intervención educativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las/os enfermeras/os sobre el sondaje gástrico en pediatría

“…1,2 S e e s t i m a q u e u n 1 0 % d e l o s pacientes ingresados lo precisan en algún momento de su estancia, y se destacan, en este grupo, los niños. 3 E s u n a t é c n i c a q u e c o n l l e v a siempre riesgos, [4][5][6][7] que pueden e q u i p a r a r s e a l o s q u e t i e n e u n paciente con una vía venosa central canalizada. 5 En pediatría, se estima que la incidencia de complicaciones está en un 39-55 %.…”

Placement of feeding tubes using fluoroscopy guidance and over-the-wire technique: A technical review

“…Various methods have been sought in order to confirm the position of the tube. 10,11 Relying on cough reflex is not recommended for patients who are either sedated or intubated for they are likely to have decreased or absent cough reflexes. 12 Visual inspection of aspirate, palpation of the epigastrium, and auscultation during air insufflation are all unreliable methods.…”

“…12 Visual inspection of aspirate, palpation of the epigastrium, and auscultation during air insufflation are all unreliable methods. 11 Meanwhile, chemical inspection (pH, enzymes, bilirubin) of aspirate, capnometry, and electrocardiogram (ECG) guidance are time consuming. 11 A traditional, simpler means of verification is by the use of X-ray.…”

“…11 Meanwhile, chemical inspection (pH, enzymes, bilirubin) of aspirate, capnometry, and electrocardiogram (ECG) guidance are time consuming. 11 A traditional, simpler means of verification is by the use of X-ray. Fluoroscopy possesses advantages over spot radiographs taken after insertion of feeding tubes because it offers real-time monitoring during feeding tube placement.…”

“…3,9 Transnasal feeding tubes can be placed blindly at the bedside which makes it suitable for critically ill patients who are often restrained to numerous monitoring devices or under ventilator care. 7,10,11 However, blind placement of nasogastric or nasojejunal feeding tubes is unreliable and not free from complications. [12][13][14][15] In this regard, various modalities for guidance from fluoroscopy to endoscopy have been introduced in the literature.…”