Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotypes indentified among nursing home residents in comparison to the elderly and patients younger than 65 years living in domestic environment

Abstract

IntroductionIn Slovenia, there is little data available on pneumococcal vaccination rates and no data on asymptomatic NPCR and serotypes in the population of nursing home residents in comparison to the elderly living in domestic environment, therefore the goal was to gain these data.MethodsA cross sectional epidemiological study was performed. Nasopharyngeal swabs from 151 nursing home residents, 150 elderly living in domestic environment, and 38 adults less than 65 years old were collected twice (in two consecutive years). The swabs were analysed for pneumococcal identification and serotyping. Patient data were collected from medical files and medical history.ResultsNo statistically significant differences in NPCR were seen between compared groups in two consecutive years. An average NPCR in two consecutive years in nursing home residents was 1.45%, in the elderly living in domestic environment 0.85%, and in adults less than 65 years old 7.05%. Serotypes identified among nursing home residents were 6B and 9N, among the group of elderly living in domestic environment, 6A and among adults less than 65 years old, 35F, 18C and 3. Pneumococcal vaccination rates were low (3.3% in nursing home residents, 6% in the elderly from domestic environment and 0% in the group of adults less than 65 years old).ConclusionsOur data suggests that NPCR and the proportion of people vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccine among the elderly are low. We identified different serotypes in all groups, only one person was a chronic carrier (serotype 35F).

Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccination Rates and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Rates Set Geographical and Ethnic Population Susceptibility to Serious COVID-19 Cases and Deaths

“…Adult and at-risk pneumococcal and influenza vaccination data were obtained from [ 5 ] and: Andorra [ 108 ]; Argentina [ 109 , 110 ]; Belgium [ 111 ]; Brazil [ 112 ]; Central and Eastern Europe [ 113 ]; Denmark [ 114 , 115 ]; European nations [ 85 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ]; Europe and Gulf nations [ 120 ]; Germany [ 121 ]; Gulf nations [ 122 , 123 ]; Hong Kong [ 124 ]; Hungary [ 125 ]; Iceland [ 126 ]; Ireland [ 127 ]; Israel [ 128 ]; Latin America [ 129 ]; Mexico [ 130 , 131 ]; New Zealand [ 132 ]; Poland [ 133 ]; Qatar [ 134 ]; San Marino [ 135 ]; Singapore [ 136 ]; Slovenia [ 137 ]; South Africa [ 138 ]; Sweden [ 139 ]; Switzerland [ 140 , 141 , 142 ]; Taiwan [ 143 , 144 , 145 ]; Turkey [ 146 , 147 , 148 ]; and U.K. [ 149 ]. All of these data are summarized in Table 1 .…”

The prevalence of circulating S. pneumoniae serotypes in people older than 18 years: healthy carriers, patients with acute otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, and invasive pneumococcal infections (epidemiological study «SPECTRUM»)

“…Исследование штаммов пневмококков, выделенных у здоровых носителей, показало сохранение доминирования серотипов 19F, 6A/B, 3, 11A/D, 23F и 23A, которые характеризуются высокой плотностью колонизации слизистой оболочки, высоким потенциалом мутаций и рекомбинаций, что согласуется с результатами других исследований в странах, где пневмококковые вакцины уже внедрены в национальные графики иммунизации. Так, в Словении у здоровых носителей старше 45 лет наиболее часто встречались серотипы пневмококка 6A, 35F, 18C, 3, 6B и 9N; в Греции -6B, 19F, 23F, 14 и 18C, в США -6B, 14, 19F, 23F [23].…”

“…По результатам нашего исследования, перекрываемость пневмококковыми вакцинами выделенных у здоровых носителей серотипов остается на высоком уровне: для ПКВ-13 -80,6%, для ППВ-23 -90,3%, что согласуется с перекрываемостью во взрослой и детской популяциях в других регионах [20,23].…”

“…Перекрываемость серотипов S. pneumoniae, выделенных у пациентов с ИПИ, для ПКВ-13 составила 46,7%, а для ППВ-23 -73,3%, что соответствует тенденции к снижению процента перекрываемости циркулирующих серотипов пневмококковыми вакцинами с течением времени после внедрения пневмококковых вакцин в национальные графики иммунизации [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

A Comparative Profile of Oropharyngeal Colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae among HealthCare Workers (HCW) in a Tertiary Care Hospital and Non-HealthCare Individuals.

“…Transmission occurs frequently in healthcare settings between patients and HealthCare workers (HCW) and also common among crowded communities through droplets [ 10 , 11 ]. Other risk factors for the invasive disease caused by these bacteria include extremes of age, immunocompromised states and viral infections of the respiratory tract [ 12 ]. Awareness about preventive measures including appropriate vaccination remains inadequate [ 10 ].…”