Natal Dispersal in the Cooperatively Breeding Acorn Woodpecker

Koenig, Walter D.; Hooge, Philip N.; Stanback, Mark T.; Haydock, Joseph

doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0492:nditcb]2.0.co;2

Cited by 103 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…To calculate patterns of reproductive partitioning predicted by optimal skew theory, demographic data are needed on mean relatedness of cobreeders, the relative fecundity and survivorship of birds breeding by themselves and in coalitions, and the ecological constraints to independent reproduction (8). We estimated these parameters from 28 years of continuous study (1972 to 1999) on a marked population at Hastings Reservation in Monterey County, CA (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), during which time we followed the life-histories of over 3,000 color-banded individuals (Table 1).…”

Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The annual probability that an adult nonbreeder will obtain breeding status by dispersing is 27% for males and 50% for females, based on life-time values (22) divided by the mean number of years spent as a helper. For birds with breeding status, d is likely to be related to, but lower than, estimates for nonbreeders, assuming that age confers some advantage in competitive contests for breeding positions.…”

Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…§1734 solely to indicate this fact. a lower probability that an adult nonbreeder male will obtain breeding status by dispersing compared with a female (22). Consequently, concessions theory predicts that reproductive skew should be greater among cobreeder males than jointnesting females, but that it should be considerable for both.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reproductive skew in the polygynandrous acorn woodpecker

Haydock

Koenig

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Reproductive skew models, which focus on the degree to which reproduction is shared equally (low skew) or monopolized by a single individual (high skew) within groups, have been heralded as providing a general unifying framework for understanding the factors determining social evolution. Here, we test the ability of optimal skew, or ''transactional,'' models, which predict the level of skew necessary to promote stable associations of dominants and subordinates, rather than independent breeding, to predict reproductive partitioning in the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). This species provides a key test case because only a few vertebrates exhibit polygynandry (multiple breeders of both sexes within a group). Contrary to the predictions of the models, joint-nesting females share reproduction more equitably than expected, apparently because egg destruction and the inability of females to defend their eggs from cobreeders eliminate any possibility for one female to control reproduction. For males, however, reproductive skew is high, with the most successful male siring over three times as many young as the next most successful male. Although this result is consistent with optimal skew models, other aspects of male behavior are not; in particular, the reproductively most successful male frequently switches between nests produced by the same set of cobreeders, and we were unable to detect any phenotypic correlate of success. These results are consistent with an alternative null model in which cobreeder males have equal chance of paternity, but paternity of offspring within broods is nonindependent as a consequence of female, rather than male, control.

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Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Site and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive skew in the polygynandrous acorn woodpecker

Haydock

Koenig

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Reyer et al 1986;Koenig & Mumme 1987;Marzluff & Balda 1990;Schmidt et al 1991;Schoech et al 1991;Russell & Rowley 1993;Poiani & Fletcher 1994). Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the sexual inactivity of subordinates.…”

Section: (B) Testosterone: Sexual and Aggressive Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone, cuckoldry risk and extra–pair opportunities in the Seychelles warbler

Crommenacker

Richardson

Groothuis

et al. 2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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In male birds, testosterone (T) plays an important role in aggressive and mate-attraction behaviour. In the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis, extra-group copulations (EGCs) occur frequently, but are not accompanied by sexual courtship displays as in within-pair copulations. Paternity is nearly always gained by primary males. We investigated whether T levels and sperm storage capability (cloacal protuberance (CP)) in adult primary and subordinate males were related to timing of egg laying, levels of cuckoldry and extra-group paternity (EGP) opportunities. During the sexually active period before egg laying, T levels and CP were only elevated or enlarged (respectively) in primary males, and some suggestion was found that subordinate males do not invest in elevated T levels. The peak in T occurred during the fertile period of the female partner and corresponded to the peak period of male sexual displays and mate guarding, but was independent of cuckoldry risk (density of neighbouring primary males). CP was also enhanced during this period; however, CP but not T remained elevated after egg laying by their mates, and CP but not T was positively related to EGP opportunities (density of neighbouring fertile females). We conclude that T is involved in sexual courtship displays and mate guarding, but not in gaining EGCs. These findings contrast with those in other species where EGP involves elaborate sexual displays.

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“…Revilla, personal communication: Lynx lynx;P. A. Zollner, unpublished data: Peromyscus leucopus), and birds (Koenig et al 2000; D. Jordano, personal commu- ) and 2r, r p l/[1 ϩ tan (a)] respectively, for a foray of round 1 and a foray of round 2 are shown. In this example, there are forays per round, after which foray size n p 3 increases by ϩl and ϩr.…”

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confidence: 99%

Foray Search: An Effective Systematic Dispersal Strategy in Fragmented Landscapes

Conradt

Zollner²,

Roper³

et al. 2003

The American Naturalist

102

104

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In the absence of evidence to the contrary, population models generally assume that the dispersal trajectories of animals are random, but systematic dispersal could be more efficient at detecting new habitat and may therefore constitute a more realistic assumption. Here, we investigate, by means of simulations, the properties of a potentially widespread systematic dispersal strategy termed "foray search." Foray search was more efficient in detecting suitable habitat than was random dispersal in most landscapes and was less subject to energetic constraints. However, it also resulted in considerably shorter net dispersed distances and higher mortality per net dispersed distance than did random dispersal, and it would therefore be likely to lead to lower dispersal rates toward the margins of population networks. Consequently, the use of foray search by dispersers could crucially affect the extinction-colonization balance of metapopulations and the evolution of dispersal rates. We conclude that population models need to take the dispersal trajectories of individuals into account in order to make reliable predictions.

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Natal Dispersal in the Cooperatively Breeding Acorn Woodpecker

Cited by 103 publications

References 29 publications

Reproductive skew in the polygynandrous acorn woodpecker

Reproductive skew in the polygynandrous acorn woodpecker

Testosterone, cuckoldry risk and extra–pair opportunities in the Seychelles warbler

Foray Search: An Effective Systematic Dispersal Strategy in Fragmented Landscapes

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