National and regional trends in the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome since 1990 within Europe: the modeled estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Abstract

Introduction: The exact prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is difficult to assess due to the clinical heterogeneity of this condition, the lack of a universal definition as well as the lack of studies comparing differences within and between ethnic groups across geographical regions. Material and methods: Using a modeling approach, we analyzed the data from Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and extracted the national and regional estimates on PCOS prevalence since 1990 in females aged 15-49 years by country and three major European regions: Western, Central, and Eastern. Results: The average prevalence of PCOS in Europe was 276.4 cases per 100,000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 207.8-363.2). The estimates varied markedly across countries and regions, with the highest rates per 100,000 in the Czech Republic (460.6) and the lowest in Sweden (34.10); other Nordic countries, Germany, and the UK had relatively low rates as well. The rates in Central and Eastern Europe were more than three times higher than those in Western countries. They were comparable among Eastern countries, ranging from 406.4 in Lithuania to 443.1 in Russia. Within Central Europe, PCOS prevalence was lowest in Turkey and Albania, while in the majority of the remaining countries, the prevalence ranged between 420 and 440 per 100,000. Between 1990 and 2016, the rates across European regions were relatively stable. Conclusions: We found highly variable national and regional prevalence of PCOS among European females. Our estimates encourage the search at the population level for new environmental and genetic determinants of PCOS.

Trend changes and factor analysis of endometrial hyperplasia in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome based on the Korean National Health Insurance Database

“…Estimates of prevalence from community-based or hospital-based studies are likely to be overestimated in comparison to those based on national data. The national PCOS prevalence in Turkey is 258.5 per 100,000 (0.26%), which is lower than the 6.1% estimated by community-based study [20,21]. The average national PCOS prevalence in Europe was 276.4 per 100,000 people (0.28%) in 2016, which was lower than our results [20].…”

Interplay between PCOS and microbiome: The road less travelled

“…Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a diverse as well as severe neuroendocrinol, reproductive and metabolic disease that affects roughly 6-26% of women of childbearing age worldwide. 1,2 It raises the chances for a variety of gynaecological, metabolic, dermatologic, oncologic, and psychiatric problems, resulting in higher healthcare expenditure and a worse quality of life for affected women. 3 Indeed, the long-term metabolic repercussions associated with PCOS are far more devastating than the reproductive failure directly.…”

“…Possible pathways are showing association between gut microbiota and clinical phenotype of PCOS such as hyperandrogenism (1). Microbial communities are a function of steroid sex-hormone and also, gut microbiota is major contributor of androgen thus, showing bidirectional relationship resulting in androgen excess (2) Increased abundance of B. vulgatus in PCOS is associated with increased levels of LH and Deconjugation of bile acids which are responsible for insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction by decreasing IL-22 levels from ILC-3 cells (3) Increased abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and Streptococcus affect HPG-axis via gut hormones resulting in increased levels of LH (4) Increased abundance of Clostridium via glucuronidase activity results in deconjugation of previously conjugated sex-hormones and resulting in enterohepatic circulation and thus, increasing androgens.…”

Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Therefore, the age of the participants in this study was limited to 25-45 years to determine the prevalence of PCOS. Because the ovarian function is closely related to age ( 51 , 52 ), there is a sudden reduction in ovarian volume and a significant decrease in oocyte quality after 35 years of age ( 53 ), and the prevalence of PCOS increases with age ( 54 ). A higher prevalence of PCOS increases the risk of spontaneous abortion ( 21 ).…”