An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Brookes, Michael, Croucher, Richard, Fenton-O'Creevy, Mark and Gooderham, Paul (2011) Measuring competing explanations of human resource management practices through the Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge.Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s).Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author's name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pagination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address:eprints@mdx.ac.ukThe item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated.See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Previous research has been constrained by not having measures for both cultural and institutional distance. Employing data from 14 European countries our findings indicate that institutional, and more specifically, labour relations factors, have more explanatory power than cultural factors.