National laboratories as business incubators and region builders

Testing the Differential Effect of Business Incubators on Firm Growth

“…Local governments can facilitate this role through business incubators or, more directly, through the provision of business services to start-ups. Although some have argued against investment in entrepreneurs (Shane, 2008), more have vehemently argued for it (Lichtenstein & Lyons, 2001, 2006; Lichtenstein, Lyons, & Kutzhanova, 2004; Markusen & Oden, 1996). Business incubators serve as a mechanism for local governments to achieve their efforts of making an area more advantageous for select businesses.…”

The evolving state-of-the-art in technology transfer research: Revisiting the contingent effectiveness model

“…In-text citation Full citation Relevant findings Economic Development Markusen and Oden (1996) Markusen, Ann, Oden, Michael, 1996. National laboratories as business incubators and region builders.…”

Reinventing Public R&D: Patent Policy and the Commercialization of National Laboratory Technologies

“…In many cases, spin-out firms or cooperative partners were not able to obtain exclusive licenses to DOE patents, or were only able to do so after delays of many years. Some licenses were subsequently challenged as violations of conflicts of interest or fairness of opportunity rules in lawsuits by competitors or in Congressional hearings (e.g., Markusen and Oden, 1996). DOE radically scaled back its CRADA program in 1995 and 1996 after Republican congressmen questioned whether they represented "corporate welfare" (Lawler, 1996).…”

“…2 Most of the academic literature has consisted of case studies of particular facilities (two thoughtful examples are Markusen andOden, 1996, andHam andMowery, 1998) and surveys of potential or actual users of laboratories (e.g., Bozeman and Crow, 1991, Roessner and Wise, 1993, and Berman, 1997).…”