National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020

Seo, Min-Goo; Lee, Hak Seon; Yang, Seung Koo; Noh, Byung‐Eon; Kim, Tae Kyu; Lee, Wook-Gyo; Lee, Hee Il

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9102085

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Genotypes IV, III, II, and I have evolved from the oldest common ancestor Genotype V. Genotype V, also known as the ‘Muar strain’, was regarded as the only isolate of Genotype V since 1952 and remained undetected for over 6 decades. 91 A recent national monitoring of the mosquito population and flavivirus epidemiology in South Korea revealed that the seven JEV-positive mosquitoes were Genotype V. 92 The geographic distribution of the five JEV genotypes is highlighted in Table 3 . 93 …”

Section: Flaviviridae Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review

Srichawla,

Manan,

Kipkorir

et al. 2024

SAGE Open Medicine

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Background: Arboviruses are RNA viruses and some have the potential to cause neuroinvasive disease and are a growing threat to global health. Objectives: Our objective is to identify and map all aspects of arbovirus neuroinvasive disease, clarify key concepts, and identify gaps within our knowledge with appropriate future directions related to the improvement of global health. Methods: Sources of Evidence: A scoping review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Hinari. Eligibility Criteria: Original data including epidemiology, risk factors, neurological manifestations, neuro-diagnostics, management, and preventive measures related to neuroinvasive arbovirus infections was obtained. Sources of evidence not reporting on original data, non-English, and not in peer-reviewed journals were removed. Charting Methods: An initial pilot sample of 30 abstracts were reviewed by all authors and a Cohen’s kappa of κ = 0.81 (near-perfect agreement) was obtained. Records were manually reviewed by two authors using the Rayyan QCRI software. Results: A total of 171 records were included. A wide array of neurological manifestations can occur most frequently, including parkinsonism, encephalitis/encephalopathy, meningitis, flaccid myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain often reveals subcortical lesions, sometimes with diffusion restriction consistent with acute ischemia. Vertical transmission of arbovirus is most often secondary to the Zika virus. Neurological manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome, include microcephaly, failure to thrive, intellectual disability, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis often shows lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated albumin, and protein consistent with blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Conclusions: Arbovirus infection with neurological manifestations leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for disease include living and traveling in an arbovirus endemic zone, age, pregnancy, and immunosuppressed status. The management of neuroinvasive arbovirus disease is largely supportive and focuses on specific neurological complications. There is a need for therapeutics and currently, management is based on disease prevention and limiting zoonosis.

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Section: Flaviviridae Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review

Srichawla,

Manan,

Kipkorir

et al. 2024

SAGE Open Medicine

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“…The most recent JEV study in 2020 analyzed 4,953 mosquito pools. Of these, 7 pools were JEV-positive [ 27 ]. All 7 JEVs were GV.…”

Section: Genotype V (Gv) Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…orientalis (2.0%), and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus (<1%) [ 27 ]. Interestingly, when the first GV strains were isolated in ROK from 19 JEV-positive mosquito pools, GV 10-1827 was isolated from Cx.…”

Section: Mosquito Vectors In Rokmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Republic of Korea

Lee

Song

Seo

2022

J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.

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Genotype V (GV) StrainsJEV is currently subdivided into five genotypes mainly based on premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) gene sequences [11,12]. In 1952, a serologically distinct JEV, Muar, was isolated from the brain of a JE patient in Malaysia [13]. Based on a series of serologic studies using monoclonal antibodies, it was confirmed that Muar belongs to a separate antigenic group [14,15]. Early phylogenetic analysis also determined the Muar as a distinct GV [12,16]. An evolutionary study revealed that GV is the ancestor of other genotypes (i.e., GI~GIV) [17]. A follow-up study with phylogenetic simulation using whole genome sequence of all JEV genotypes also suggested that GV is nearest to the common ancestor and that GIV, GIII, GII, and GI evolved sequentially from GV [18].Because GV and GIV strains are relatively older, it seems natural to find GIII and GI more frequently from recent isolates. Indeed, GIII strains were common in early JEV studies but were gradually replaced by GI strains in most endemic areas [19,20]. In 2009, 57 years after isolation of the GV Muar, GV XZ0934 was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China [21]. When compared the whole genome between GV Muar and GV XZ0934, the similarity was 90.6% and 98.3% for nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively, reflecting a temporal gap between these two GV isolates [22]. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV has five genotypes, including genotype V (GV), which is considered ancestral to the other genotypes. The first GV strain, GV Muar, was isolated from a Malayan patient in 1952 and GV did not reappear for 57 years until GV XZ0934 was isolated from a mosquito sample in China. Since 2010, 21 GV strains have been identified in Republic of Korea (ROK). Both GV Muar and GV XZ0934 are more pathogenic than other GI/GIII strains and are serologically distinct. However, because the ROK's GV strains have not been experimentally tested, their characteristics are not known. Characterization of the ROK's isolates is needed to enable development of effective GV strain-based vaccines to protect against GV infections.

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“…These two strains constitute the only GV isolates reported to be isolated from the CSF of human patients so far. Studies have also demonstrated the continuous presence of GV JEVs in mosquito pools in the ROK [ 9–12 ], with the GV Sangju being isolated from a mosquito pool in 2020 [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus

Kim,

Lee,

Moon

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.

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National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review

Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review

Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Republic of Korea

Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus

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