National outbreak of <i>Salmonella senftenberg</i> associated with
 infant food

Rushdy, A. A.; Stuart, James M.; Ward, L. R.; Bruce, J.; Threlfall, E. John; Punia, Parul; Bailey, J. Martyn

doi:10.1017/s0950268897008546

Cited by 71 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, S. Senftenberg isolates that are able to persist throughout the rearing period into adulthood have recently emerged (15), with these same isolates displaying resistance to desiccation in soil (16). Clinically, infections caused by S. Senftenberg range from asymptomatic (17,18) to severe infections resulting in large out-breaks (19,20). The vehicles linked to outbreaks vary, with basil, fennel seeds (21), meat, and shellfish (22) implicated in different regions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal the Emergence of an Atypical Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg Variant in China

Ghany

Shi

et al. 2016

J Clin Microbiol

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f Human infections with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Senftenberg are often associated with exposure to poultry flocks, farm environments, or contaminated food. The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates has raised public health concerns. In this study, comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis were used to characterize 14 Salmonella Senftenberg clinical isolates recovered from multiple outbreaks in Shenzhen and Shanghai, China, between 2002 and 2011. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses identified two phylogenetically distinct clades of S. Senftenberg, designated SC1 and SC2, harboring variations in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 and exhibiting distinct biochemical and phenotypic signatures. Although the two variants shared the same serotype, the SC2 isolates of sequence type 14 (ST14) harbored intact SPI-1 and -2 and hence were characterized by possessing efficient invasion capabilities. In contrast, the SC1 isolates had structural deletion patterns in both SPI-1 and -2 that correlated with an impaired capacity to invade cultured human cells and also the year of their isolation. These atypical SC1 isolates also lacked the capacity to produce hydrogen sulfide. These findings highlight the emergence of atypical Salmonella Senftenberg variants in China and provide genetic validation that variants lacking SPI-1 and regions of SPI-2, which leads to impaired invasion capacity, can still cause clinical disease. These data have identified an emerging public health concern and highlight the need to strengthen surveillance to detect the prevalence and transmission of nontyphoidal Salmonella species.

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confidence: 99%

Genomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal the Emergence of an Atypical Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg Variant in China

Ghany

Shi

et al. 2016

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Salmonella has been shown to survive for 8 months in halva, for 10 weeks when desiccated on paper discs, and for 12 months in peanut-flavored candy, while storage at 4°C under desiccation on plastic has resulted in 100 weeks of survival (2)(3)(4)(5). This bacterium has previously been linked with many food-borne outbreaks associated with lowmoisture food products, such as toasted cereal, infant formula, chocolate, and peanut butter (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”

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confidence: 99%

ProP Is Required for the Survival of Desiccated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Cells on a Stainless Steel Surface

Finn

Händler

Condell

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dConsumers trust commercial food production to be safe, and it is important to strive to improve food safety at every level. Several outbreaks of food-borne disease have been caused by Salmonella strains associated with dried food. Currently we do not know the mechanisms used by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to survive in desiccated environments. The aim of this study was to discover the responses of S. Typhimurium ST4/74 at the transcriptional level to desiccation on a stainless steel surface and to subsequent rehydration. Bacterial cells were dried onto the same steel surfaces used during the production of dry foods, and RNA was recovered for transcriptomic analysis. Subsequently, dried cells were rehydrated and were again used for transcriptomic analysis. A total of 266 genes were differentially expressed under desiccation stress compared with a static broth culture. The osmoprotectant transporters proP, proU, and osmU (STM1491 to STM1494) were highly upregulated by drying. Deletion of any one of these transport systems resulted in a reduction in the long-term viability of S. Typhimurium on a stainless steel food contact surface. The proP gene was critical for survival; proP deletion mutants could not survive desiccation for long periods and were undetectable after 4 weeks. Following rehydration, 138 genes were differentially expressed, with upregulation observed for genes such as proP, proU, and the phosphate transport genes (pstACS). In time, this knowledge should prove valuable for understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in pathogen survival and should lead to improved methods for control to ensure the safety of intermediate-and low-moisture foods.

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“…Senftenberg infections in infants (Table 3 ). These were traced to one brand of baby cereal and were due to crosscontamination of heat-treated and non-heat-treated ingredients during processing (Rushdy et al 1998 ). Kandhai et al ( 2004 ) detected Cronobacter spp.…”

Section: Other Low-moisture Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powdered Infant Formula

Forsythe

2014

The Microbiological Safety of Low Water Activity Foods and Spices

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"Powdered infant formula" (PIF) is a term used to cover both breast milk fortifi ers and breast milk substitutes. Both are given to neonates who are immunedefi cient. Although their low water activity stops bacterial growth during storage, bacteria are able to grow rapidly following reconstitution. Such organisms may be present through intrinsic contamination or through extrinsic contamination from the water, preparation equipment or carer. This chapter focuses on Cronobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars due the substantiated cases of neonatal infections through the ingestion of contaminated PIF, as emphasized by the three FAO-WHO risk assessments on the microbiological safety of PIF.The taxonomic re-evaluations of the Cronobacter genus are presented, emphasizing the improved understanding using Next Generation Sequencing, along with multilocus sequence typing to reveal clonal lineages. One particular lineage, C. sakazakii clonal complex 4, is particularly associated with neonatal meningitis cases. It is also one of the dominant sequence types that has been isolated from PIF manufacturing plants and PIF. The organism can survive spray-drying and persist for long periods in the dried state. Salmonella is another organism of concern for neonatal infections, and although better understood than Cronobacter there have been rare outbreaks due to atypical, lactose-fermenting strains.

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National outbreak of Salmonella senftenberg associated with infant food

Cited by 71 publications

References 6 publications

Genomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal the Emergence of an Atypical Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg Variant in China

Genomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal the Emergence of an Atypical Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg Variant in China

ProP Is Required for the Survival of Desiccated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Cells on a Stainless Steel Surface

Powdered Infant Formula

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