National study of illicit drug use in Slovakia based on wastewater analysis

Martı́n, Tomás; Škubák, Jaroslav; Grabic, Roman; Ryba, Jozef; Bírošová, Lucia; Fedorová, Ganna; Špalková, Viera; Bodı́k, Igor

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.089

Cited by 90 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The fact that Piešťany is an important spa town, with tens of thousands of patients visiting annually, may have an impact on lower nicotine metabolite concentrations. Generally, it can be stated that the average cotinine concentrations in wastewater in cities with over 80,000 inhabitants (Prague-2810 ng/L, Bratislava-2270 ng/L, Košice-1170 ng/L, České Budejovice-2720 ng/L a Nitra-3490 ng/L) (Table 3) correspond with the results obtained in other professional studies (Ort et al 2014;Mackuľak et al 2014;Thomas et al 2012), which measured average cotinine concentrations in cities like Zurich, Adelaide, and Lisbon in a range of 2590-3500 ng/L. In the study of Lopes et al (2014), a monitoring of cotinine was conducted for a period of 1 month and similarly to our data, it was found that the concentration of the compound in the wastewater varies considerably (1130-3500 ng/L).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The results of analysis were not affected by any public or religious holidays, and neither by spring break, which just ended in both countries before the time of the sampling. Uncertainty estimates for the population, connected to individual WWTPs, during daily samplings, were suppressed by the analysis of COD, BOD, N, and P parameters, as in the study of Mackuľak et al (2014) and Thomas et al (2012). Mentioned parameters did not change significantly (6.2-12.5 % RSD) during our analysis on either of WWTPs, which corresponds with the study of Thomas et al (2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…18 % of the total population and more than one third of urban population of the Slovak Republic. Characterization of monitored Slovak locations (Bratislava, Košice, Piešťany, Nitra) were described in detail in the study of Mackuľak et al (2014).…”

Section: Characterization Of Monitored Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of Zuccato et al (2005) was the first applying this procedure. The monitoring of illegal drugs was recently applied in a number of professional publications (Irvine et al 2011;Ort et al 2014;Mackuľak et al 2014;Thomas et al 2012;Castiglioni et al 2015). The fact that during the presentation of European Drug Report 2014: Trends and Developments wastewater analysis was included among the possible ways of monitoring the population in various European countries indicates the high quality of research in this area (EMCDDA 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis

Martı́n

Bírošová

Grabic

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The aim of this study was to compare estimation of nicotine use in Slovakia (SR) and the Czech Republic (CR) based on cotinine analysis in wastewater from seven selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional estimation based on tobacco product sales. Urinary bio-markers of nicotine use were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study was performed concurrently at all the WWTPs (from 11 to 18 March 2014). Representative 24 h composite samples were analyzed with on line SPE/LC-MS/MS method. Based on the average residence time of wastewater in the sewers and the average time in the sampling device, specific correction coefficients were designed to improve estimation of nicotine consumption. Nicotine ingestion level was back-calculated and expressed as mass of pure drug consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants for selected cities of both countries (mean, 2.2 g for Piešťany and 8.0 g for Nitra, respectively). Consequently, the cigarette consumption results were recalculated for each country separately and compared with the data of both national statistical offices (2362 cigarettes/year/person--SR and 2088 cigarettes/year/person--CR). Our results highly correspond to the data of national statistical offices (up to 99.9% in SR and to 96% in CR). The average amount of money invested in cigarette sales was estimated in the capitals of both countries. It is about 1 million EUR/day for Prague and about 0.3 million EUR/day for Bratislava. The calculation of nicotine consumption, utilizing a specific correction coefficient, is the correct way to obtain more accurate data in drug studies of this kind, thus allowing a better drug abuse assessment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Characterization Of Monitored Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis

Martı́n

Bírošová

Grabic

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…It has previously been applied to detect and quantify chemicals such as prescription, over‐the‐counter and illicit drugs, personal care products, and environmental contaminants in wastewater samples collected from the influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and has been used for monitoring purposes . WBE has the potential for being an intelligence‐gathering tool for authorities and data can be compared nationally and internationally for prevention and rehabilitation purposes . For the successful application of WBE, the selection of the most suitable biomarker for analysis is pivotal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot wastewater‐based epidemiology assessment of anabolic steroid use in Queensland, Australia

Shimko

O’Brien

Barron

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Anabolic‐androgenic steroids are synthetic compounds prohibited due to their performance‐enhancing characteristics. The use of these substances is known to cause health‐related issues, which highlights the importance of being able to evaluate the scale of consumption by the general population. However, most available research on the analysis of anabolic steroids is focused on animals and athletes in connection with doping. The potential of wastewater‐based epidemiology as an intelligence tool for the assessment of community level use of anabolic steroids is presented herein. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of 10 anabolic‐androgenic steroids and 14 endogenous hormones in influent wastewater. The validated method was applied to sixteen 24‐hour composite wastewater influent samples that were collected over a period of five years from two wastewater treatment plants in Queensland, Australia. Nine investigated compounds were found to be present at concentrations between 14 and 611 ng L−1 which translated into 3–104 mg excreted per 1000 individuals per day. It was concluded that the developed analytical method is suitable for the analysis of AAS in wastewater matrix. Additionally, both the inclusion of metabolites and further investigation into deconjugation by enzymatic hydrolysis would aid in understanding and evaluating community anabolic steroid use. For the first time, this study presents the application of wastewater‐based epidemiology on anabolic‐androgenic steroids in Australia.

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Determination of seven drugs of abuse and their metabolites in surface and wastewater using solid‐phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Prosen

Fontanals

Borrull

et al. 2017

J of Separation Science

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A method based on liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (Exactive Orbitrap) combined with solid-phase extraction using a strong cationic exchange mixed-mode sorbent has been developed for the determination of seven drugs of abuse, including two synthetic cathinones, as well as some of their metabolites in environmental water samples. The method provides low detection limits and a high confirmation power thanks to the diagnostic and two fragment ions monitored for each compound in high-resolution mass spectrometry, providing six identification points for each analyte. The clean-up step based on methanol in the extraction step adequately decreased the matrix effect, mainly for river and effluent water, and provided suitable process efficiency. Method detection and quantitation limits for environmental waters were at low nanogram per liter. The method was applied to analyze the samples of influent and effluent wastewater, as well as surface water. Codeine, methadone, and its metabolite were determined in all samples of wastewater and the metabolite of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, was found at the highest concentration.

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National study of illicit drug use in Slovakia based on wastewater analysis

Cited by 90 publications

References 16 publications

National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis

National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis

A pilot wastewater‐based epidemiology assessment of anabolic steroid use in Queensland, Australia

Determination of seven drugs of abuse and their metabolites in surface and wastewater using solid‐phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry

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