National Styles in Science: Genetics in Germany and the United States between the World Wars

Harwood, Jonathan

doi:10.1086/354474

Cited by 52 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…178 Sapp, 1987. 179 Harwood, 1987;Kimmelman, 1987. 180 Roll-Hansen, 2005 National Institute of Genetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practice and Politics in Japanese Science: Hitoshi Kihara and the Formation of a Genetics Discipline

Iida

2009

J Hist Biol

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This paper examines the history of Japanese genetics in the 1920s to 1950s as seen through the work of Hitoshi Kihara, a prominent wheat geneticist as well as a leader in the development of the discipline in Japan. As Kihara's career illustrates, Japanese genetics developed quickly in the early twentieth century through interactions with biologists outside Japan. The interactions, however, ceased due to the war in the late 1930s, and Japanese geneticists were mostly isolated from outside information until the late 1940s. During the isolation in wartime and under the postwar U.S. Occupation, Kihara adapted to political changes. During wartime, he developed a research institute focusing on applied biology of various crops, which conformed to the national need to address food scarcity. After the war, he led the campaign for the establishment of a national institute of genetics and negotiated with American Occupation officers. The Americans viewed this Japanese effort with suspicion because of the rising popularity of the controversial theory of the Russian agronomist, Trofim Lysenko, in Japan. The institute was approved in 1949 partly because Kihara was able to bridge the gap between the American and Japanese sides. With Kihara's flexible and generous leadership, Japanese genetics steadily developed, survived the wartime, and recovered quickly in the postwar period. The article discusses Kihara's interest in cytoplasmic inheritance and his synthetic approach to genetics in this political context, and draws attention to the relation between Kihara's genetics and agricultural practice in Japan.

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“…178 Sapp, 1987. 179 Harwood, 1987;Kimmelman, 1987. 180 Roll-Hansen, 2005 National Institute of Genetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practice and Politics in Japanese Science: Hitoshi Kihara and the Formation of a Genetics Discipline

Iida

2009

J Hist Biol

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“…“What we need is methods,” Yerkes wrote characteristically in a 1904 paper on inhibited reactions in frogs, and “until we have more definite knowledge of what occurs in the organism,” the rule should be, “experiment much and speculate little” (p. 137; see also Daniels, , pp. 63–85; Harwood, , pp. 393–396; Morawski, ; Rose, , pp.…”

Section: Transatlantic Crossingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

William McDougall, American Psychologist: A Reconsideration of Nature‐nurture Debates in the Interwar United States

Rose¹

2016

J History Behavioral Science

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The British-born psychologist William McDougall (1871-1938) spent more than half of his academic career in the United States, holding successive positions after 1920 at Harvard and Duke universities. Scholarly studies uniformly characterize McDougall's relationship with his New World colleagues as contentious: in the standard view, McDougall's theory of innate drives clashed with the Americans' experimentation into learned habits. This essay argues instead that rising American curiosity about inborn appetites-an interest rooted in earlier pragmatic philosophy and empirically investigated by interwar scientists-explains McDougall's migration to the United States and his growing success there. A review of McDougall's intellectual and professional ties, evolving outside public controversy, highlights persistent American attention to natural agency and complicates arguments voiced by contemporaries in favor of nurture.

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“…(Fleck, 1935(Fleck, /1979. Other uses of the style concept include Harwood's (1987) national styles in science or Maienschein's (1991) epistemic styles. 1 In recent years the style concept has been employed by scholars pursuing the idea that it is possible to identify a finite plurality of general methodologies in science that pervades across the boundaries of scientific communities.…”

Section: Two Styles Of Biological Theorizing: Compositional and Formamentioning

confidence: 99%

The handicap principle and the argument of subversion from within

Baron

2013

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in

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National Styles in Science: Genetics in Germany and the United States between the World Wars

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Practice and Politics in Japanese Science: Hitoshi Kihara and the Formation of a Genetics Discipline

Practice and Politics in Japanese Science: Hitoshi Kihara and the Formation of a Genetics Discipline

William McDougall, American Psychologist: A Reconsideration of Nature‐nurture Debates in the Interwar United States

The handicap principle and the argument of subversion from within

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