National- to port-level inventories of shipping emissions in China

Abstract

Shipping in China plays a global role, and has led worldwide maritime transportation for the last decade. However, without taking national or local port boundaries into account, it is impossible to determine the responsibility that each local authority has on emission controls, nor compare them with land-based emissions to determine the priority for controlling these emissions. In this study, we provide national-to port-level inventories for China. The results show that in 2013, the total emissions of CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), particulate matter (PM), SO 2 and CO 2 were 0.0741 ± 0.0004 Tg⋅yr −1 , 0.0691 ± 0.0004 Tg⋅yr −1 , 1.91 ± 0.01 Tg⋅yr −1 , 0.164 ± 0.001 Tg⋅yr −1 , 1.30 ± 0.01 Tg⋅yr −1 and 86.3 ± 0.3 Tg⋅yr −1 in China, respectively. By providing high-resolution spatial distribution maps of these emissions, we identify three hotspots, centered on the Bohai Rim Area, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. These three hotspots account for 8% of the ocean area evaluated in this study, but contribute around 37% of total shipping emissions. Compared with on-road mobile source emissions, NO x and PM emissions from ships are equivalent to about 34% and 29% of the total mobile vehicle emissions in China. Moreover, this study provides detailed emission inventories for 24 ports in the country, which also greatly contributes to our understanding of global shipping emissions, given that eight of these ports rank within the top twenty of the port league table. Several ports in China suffer emissions 12-147 times higher than those at Los Angeles port. The ports of Ningbo-Zhou Shan, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Dalian dominate the port-level inventories, with individual emissions accounting for 28%-31%, 10%-14%, 10%-12% and 8%-14% of total emissions, respectively.

The influence of spatiality on shipping emissions, air quality and potential human exposure in the Yangtze River Delta/Shanghai, China

“…The breakdown of emissions from ship-related sources in Shanghai are shown in Table 3. Emission estimates from this study fall within the range of estimates from other studies (e.g., Fu et al, 2012Fu et al, , 2017. On the basis of shipping visa data, Fu et al (2012) determined that the total amounts of SO 2 , NO x and PM 2.5 in the vicinity of Shanghai Port in 2010 were 3.5×10 4 , 4.7×10 4 and 3.7× 10 3 t yr −1 , respectively, which is much lower than estimates in this study.…”

“…Based on the 2015 AIS data (the whole year), the annual emissions of SO 2 , NO x , PM 2.5 and VOCs from shipping sectors in YRD region were estimated at 2.2 × 10 5 t, 4.7 × 10 5 t, 2.7 × 10 4 t and 1.2 × 10 4 t, respectively, which accounted for 7.4 %, 11.7 %, 1.3 % and 0.3 % of the total emissions from all sources in the YRD in 2015, respectively. The emission estimates of SO 2 and NO x were close to the estimates of Fu et al (2017) for 2013, but estimates of SO 2 , NO x and PM 2.5 were slightly lower than those of Chen et al (2019) for 2014 due to the different temporal or spatial statistical scope. However, the proportion of ship SO 2 emissions in the YRD region with respect to the total Chinese shipping emissions in this study is consistent with the 33 % to 37 % reported in the other studies (Chen et al, 2017a(Chen et al, , 2019Liu et al, 2018b;Lv et al, 2018).…”

Characteristics of marine shipping emissions at berth: profiles for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds

“…When the domain was further limited to a regional scale, e.g., East Asia, the contribution of SO 2 and NO x emissions at berth increased to 26 % (Liu et al, 2016). When focusing on the national costal area the proportion of emissions from ships at berth continued to increase, reaching over 28 % (Fu et al, 2017). An in-port shipping emission inventory of Yangshan Port in China (Song, 2014) revealed that auxiliary engine exhaust contributed 40.5 and 43.3 % to overall PM 2.5 and SO x emissions, respectively.…”

Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and HCHO over the East China Sea, using ship-based MAX-DOAS observations and comparison with OMI and OMPS satellite data

“…It contains a UV spectrometer covering the wavelength range between 300 and 380 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 1 nm. It has a high spatial resolution of 50 × 50 km 2 and high time resolution of daily global coverage (Dittman et al, 2002;Seftor et al, 2014;González Abad et al, 2016). Its Equator crossing time in the ascending node is 13:30 LT.…”