National Toxic Substances Incidents Program — Nine States, 2010–2014

Melnikova, Natalia; Wu, Jennifer; Ruíz, Patricia; Orr, Maureen F.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6902a1

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The most recent accident occurred on June 21, 2019, at a refinery near Philadelphia, PA. Multiple explosions in the alkylation area released over 1500 kg of HF, which could have resulted in a catastrophic HF release effecting millions of people . Compared to HF, H 2 SO 4 -based conventional alkylation technology is safer and considered the most common technology.…”

Section: Safety Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple explosions in the alkylation area released over 1500 kg of HF, which could have resulted in a catastrophic HF release effecting millions of people. 100 Compared to HF, H 2 SO 4 -based conventional alkylation technology is safer and considered the most common technology. However, the usage and handling of large qualities of spent H 2 SO 4 (>50% in the process) are one of the longstanding environmental concerns.…”

Section: Safety Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Isobutane Alkylation Technology Using Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts—Where Do We Stand?

Kore

Scurto

Shiflett

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Conventional strong liquid acids such as H 2 SO 4 and HF are used for the majority of current commercial isobutane alkylation processes to produce motor fuel alkylates, but these acids can have significant safety and sustainability concerns. Ionic liquid (IL) catalyst technologies offer potential advantages over current processes due to the negligible vapor pressure and molecularly tunable properties that can optimize both the chemistry and engineering for alkylate production. In this review, IL-based catalysts used in isobutane alkylation are reviewed. ILs are categorized and discussed by type: (1) metal-based Lewis acidic ILs, (2) metal-based Bronsted−Lewis acidic ILs, (3) nonmetal-based Bronsted acidic ILs, and (4) immobilized/supported ILs. A critical perspective on the use of these ILs in alkylation is presented, focusing on the effect of speciation and physicochemical properties on chemical reaction. Further, a summary of IL speciation is provided and examples of how the tunability of ILs can be used to overcome current limitations in alkylation chemistry. The reaction conditions and performance (e.g., conversion, C 8 selectivity, and trimethylpentane:dimethylhexane ratio) of literature reports are summarized. A comparison of IL-based catalysts with the incumbent H 2 SO 4 process and the new ISOALKY Chevron process are also discussed. Gaps in the literature (e.g., mass transfer rates, material compatibilities, and phase equilibrium) associated with IL-based alkylation technology and our perspectives on solving the relevant issues in this field are summarized.

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Section: Safety Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Safety Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Isobutane Alkylation Technology Using Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts—Where Do We Stand?

Kore

Scurto

Shiflett

2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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show abstract

“…For example, thousands of people died of extremely toxic methylisocyanate gas escape and their exposure in Bhopal, India, in 1984, which is the world's worst industrial disaster in the recent decades (Taylor, 2014; US Environmental Protection Agency, 2022a). According to National Toxic Substances Incidents Program (NTSIP), during 2010-2014, nine participating states reported 22,342 incidents, of which 13,529 were acute toxic substance incidents, causing huge impact on human health (Melnikova et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing toxic chemical releases embodied in U.S. interstate trade and their unequal distribution

Feng

Sun

et al. 2023

Environment International

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Caustic Agent Mass Casualty Incident, With Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)

Rega¹

2024

Ciottone's Disaster Medicine

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National Toxic Substances Incidents Program — Nine States, 2010–2014

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Review of Isobutane Alkylation Technology Using Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts—Where Do We Stand?

Review of Isobutane Alkylation Technology Using Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts—Where Do We Stand?

Tracing toxic chemical releases embodied in U.S. interstate trade and their unequal distribution

Caustic Agent Mass Casualty Incident, With Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)

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