Nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy in 2008: general view of the pathogens’ antibacterial susceptibility

Abstract

For the purpose of nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens collected from patients in Japan, the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy conducted a third year of nationwide surveillance during the period from January to April 2008. A total of 1,097 strains were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections. Susceptibility testing was evaluable with 987 strains (189 Staphylococcus aureus, 211 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 6 Streptococcus pyogenes, 187 Haemophilus influenzae, 106 Moraxella catarrhalis, 126 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 162 Pseudomonas aeruginosa). A total of 44 antibacterial agents, including 26 β-lactams (four penicillins, three penicillins in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors, four oral cephems, eight parenteral cephems, one monobactam, five carbapenems, and one penem), three aminoglycosides, four macrolides (including a ketolide), one lincosamide, one tetracycline, two glycopeptides, six fluoroquinolones, and one oxazolidinone were used for the study. Analysis was conducted at the central reference laboratory according to the method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The incidence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was as high as 59.8%, and those of penicillin-intermediate and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PISP and PRSP) were 35.5 and 11.8%, respectively. Among H. influenzae, 13.9% of them were found to be β-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin (ABPC)-intermediately resistant (BLNAI), 26.7% to be β-lactamase-non-producing ABPC-resistant (BLNAR), and 5.3% to be β-lactamase-producing ABPC-resistant (BLPAR) strains. A high frequency (76.5%) of β-lactamase-producing strains was suspected in Moraxella catarrhalis isolates. Four (3.2%) extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae were found among 126 strains. Four isolates (2.5%) of P. aeruginosa were found to be metallo β-lactamase-producing strains, including three (1.9%) suspected multidrug-resistant strains showing resistance to imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. Continual national surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory pathogens is crucial in order to monitor changing patterns of susceptibility and to be able to update treatment recommendations on a regular basis.

In Vitro Activities of 11 Antimicrobial Agents against Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Isolates from Pediatric Patients: Results from a Multicenter Surveillance Study

“…The 2011 version of the Japanese guidelines for the management of respiratory infectious diseases in children recommends the use of tosufloxacin instead of macrolides when a macrolideresistant M. pneumoniae infection is suspected (16). Tosufloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent that has been reported to have a broader spectrum and potent activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including M. pneumoniae, has been approved for the treatment of pneumonia in pediatric patients since 2010 (17,18). In our study, tosufloxacin showed good in vitro activity against clinical isolates of M. pneumoniae, both with or without the A2063G mutation.…”

Pharmacokinetics of consecutive oral moxifloxacin (400 mg/day) in patients with respiratory tract infection

“…The clinical efficacy and safety of this drug has been confirmed both within and outside of Japan [Welte et al 2005;Fogarty et al 2005;Anzueto et al 2006;Torres et al 2008;Ott et al 2008;Kobayashi et al 2005;Liu et al 2014] based on its favorable antibacterial activity [Nishino and Otsuki, 2005;Inoue et al 2005;Niki et al 2011] and PK-PD profile [Jacobs, 2001;Onishi, 2005], and MXF is expected to be highly useful for the treatment of outpatients with 0-2 points CURB-65 of community-acquired pneumonia and secondary infections arising from chronic respiratory diseases.…”

Active Surveillance of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Using a Fully Automated Molecular Test in an Emergency Medical Center

“…At NUH, approximately 1,000 S. aureus isolates are detected every year from all clinical specimens, with MSRA isolates comprising almost 60z of this total, and this frequency was similar to that obtained in Japanese surveillance data (2). All patients admitted to the emergency unit are routinely screened for MRSA independently of the occurrence of nasal staphylococcal colonization, and infected patients are managed by an infection control team to avoid cross-transmission.…”

“…Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common drug-resistant pathogen responsible for severe infections in both the healthcare and community settings (1)(2)(3). In the emergency unit, severely infected patients with various conditions are admitted into the hospital, where they can receive aggressive treatments; therefore, monitoring MRSA transmission and infection is an important management strategy for infection control.…”