“…While this study speaks to gaps in Indigenous disadvantage, including in the area of educational outcomes, it is important to note that there is heterogeneity within Indigenous nations, between On-reserve and off-reserve communities, as well as across provinces (Ottmann 2017;Richards 2014;Toulouse 2013). Similarly, our reference to international research, such as Huffman (2016), Bodkin-Andrews and Carlson (2016), and Santoro and Reid (2006) and others, is not intended to make a claim that Indigenous education and socioeconomic outcomes are the same across international borders.…”