Native bighead carp <i>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</i> and silver carp <i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i> populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Li, Chao; Wang, Junjie; Chen, Jiaqi; Schneider, Kevin; Veettil, Radhakrishnan Kizhakke; Elmer, Kathryn R.; Zhao, Jun

doi:10.1111/jfb.14253

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Previous studies have reported that grass carp in the Yangtze River had two mtDNA lineages (Lu et al, 1997;Zhao et al, 2011;Zhai et al, 2020). This finding is consistent with those reported for bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in the Pearl River, both of which also present two mtDNA lineages in the Pearl River (Li et al, 2020). However, a larger divergence was detected in bighead carp and silver carp than that in grass carp, suggesting that two Hypophthalmichthys species likely underwent a more complex evolutionary history.…”

Section: Genetic Diversity and Genetic Structuresupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Human introduction of grass carp from the Yangtze River brought novel genetic resources into the Pearl River and thus elevated the nucleotide diversity of the Pearl River. This pattern was also seen in bighead carp and silver carp (Li et al, 2020). Furthermore, our study indicated that the nucleotide diversity of grass carp was much lower than that of other native carp species such as bighead carp and silver carp, which was also demonstrated in a previous study (Lu et al, 1997).…”

Section: Potential Effects Of Anthropogenic Introduction On the Pearl...supporting

confidence: 87%

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Mitochondrial diversity and population structure of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Pearl River after anthropogenic release

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2022

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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The grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella is a commercially relevant carp species with a long-term artificial release history in China. To date, several genetic diversity studies have been performed on the Yangtze River C. idella populations, but similar reports were sparse for the Pearl River populations. Here, our study explored the genetic diversity patterns and population structure of the Pearl River C. idella populations after human intervention using two mitochondrial loci. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that grass carp populations in the Pearl River exhibited two maternal genetic lineages. Haplotype networks demonstrated that most main Pearl River haplotypes were shared with those of the Yangtze River samples. No genetic structure was detected among the Pearl populations and low level of population differentiation was observed between individual Yangtze River populations and the Pearl River populations. These findings might be attributed to the high dispersal ability of grass carp, as well as anthropogenic release. Moreover, the nucleotide diversity of the Pearl River populations was higher than that of the Yangtze River, indicating that artificial release programs might have significant effects on the genetic diversity of the Pearl River populations. Taken together, our findings demonstrated artificial release programs may have influenced the Pearl River grass carp populations and provide important knowledge that may guide the future management of grass carp in the Pearl River.

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Section: Genetic Diversity and Genetic Structuresupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Potential Effects Of Anthropogenic Introduction On the Pearl...supporting

confidence: 87%

Mitochondrial diversity and population structure of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Pearl River after anthropogenic release

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2022

Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.

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“…To conserve wild native common carp, it is necessary to establish a scientific and systematic management system for artificial fish propagation and release (Wang et al ., 2017; Zhang et al ., 2020). Stocking should also use native species, and the release of hybrids and gene‐modified species should be prohibited (Kang et al ., 2017; Li et al ., 2020; Wang et al ., 2015). Although both native Pearl River and Hainan Island common carp populations are referable to C. c. rubrofuscus , they should be managed separately because of their high genetic differentiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial diversity and genetic structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Pearl River and Nandujiang River

Zhu

Chen

Wang

et al. 2023

Journal of Fish Biology

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important valuable cyprinid in China and has been a popular cultured aquaculture species around the globe. Understanding the genetic diversity of wild native common carp not only provides basic data for the protection and utilisation of common carp resources but also assesses the effect of human activities on the genetic diversity of this species. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure of the common carp from 15 sampling populations in the Pearl River and Nandujiang River were determined using a coalescent mitochondrial locus (MLS), including mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) and a control region (D-loop) segment. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.962 and 0.00628 in the Pearl River and 0.808 and 0.00376 in the Nandujiang River, respectively. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses indicated that three subspecies (a) C. c. rubrofuscus, (b) C. c. haematopterus and (c) C. c. carpio all occur in both rivers. AMOVA revealed that the variation within populations (86.2%) was the main source of the total variation. Statistically significant genetic differentiation among different Pearl River populations of C. c. rubrofuscus (F st = 0.05-0.25) and relatively high genetic differentiation between the Nandujiang River population and the Pearl River populations (F st > 0.238) are apparent. Bayesian clustering analyses detected that global populations consisted of eight genetic clusters and examined that Nandujiang River population included relatively pure genetic clusters. Neutrality tests suggested that native populations experienced recent population expansion, and Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot indicated that the common carp populations likely experienced a historical expansion during 0.125-0.250 MYA. Artificial fish propagation and release, escape from fish farms and Fang Sheng may explain the invasion of nonnative sub-species in many river sections, such as Laibin, Rongjiang, Huizhou, Heyuan and Zhaoqing. To conserve the native common carp populations, release station should be established to culture native common carp fry. Overall, the findings can be contributed to complementing scientific knowledge for conservation and management of the wild native common carp.

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“…Transportation of fish fry from the Perl River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin to other regions is a common practice . A recent mtDNA study on bighead carp and silver carp in the Pearl River revealed the Pearl populations were dominated by genetic material from the Yangtze River, which calls for ceasing the stocking practice of Yangtze fingerlings in the Pearl River to preserve native genetic diversity (Li et al, 2020).…”

Section: G Ene Ti C Variati On and D Iver S It Y Of B I G He Aded Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and genetics of bighead and silver carps: Native population conservation versus invasive species control

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Evolutionary Applications

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Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), collectively called bigheaded carps, are cyprinids native mainly to China and have been introduced to over 70 countries. Paleontological and molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrate bighead and silver carps originated from the Yangtze‐Huanghe River basins and modern populations may have derived from the secondary contact of geographically isolated fish during the last glacial events. Significant genetic differences are found among populations of native rivers (Yangtze, Pearl, and Amur) as well as introduced/invasive environments (Mississippi R., USA and Danube R., Hungary), suggesting genetic backgrounds and ecological selection may play a role in population differentiation. Population divergence of bighead carp or silver carp has occurred within their native rivers, whereas, within the Mississippi River Basin (MRB)—an introduced region, such genetic differentiation is likely taking place at least in silver carp. Interspecific hybridization between silver and bighead carps is rare within their native regions; however, extensive hybridization is observed in the MRB, which could be contributed by a shift to a more homogenous environment that lacks reproductive isolation barriers for the restriction of gene flow between species. The wild populations of native bighead and silver carps have experienced dramatic declines; in contrast, the introduced bigheaded carps overpopulate the MRB and are considered two invasive species, which strongly suggests fishing capacity (overfishing and underfishing) be a decisive factor for fishery resource exploitation and management. This review provides not only a global perspective of evolutionary history and population divergence of bigheaded carps but also a forum that calls for international research collaborations to deal with critical issues related to native population conservation and invasive species control.

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Native bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

Mitochondrial diversity and population structure of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Pearl River after anthropogenic release

Mitochondrial diversity and population structure of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Pearl River after anthropogenic release

Mitochondrial diversity and genetic structure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Pearl River and Nandujiang River

Evolution and genetics of bighead and silver carps: Native population conservation versus invasive species control

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